460 MR. C. G. DANFORD ON THE [June 1, 
is made. The most efficacious of these concretions were generally 
admitted to be those which came from Persia, and which were found 
in the stomach of the Wild Goat of that country. It is doubtless of 
this species that Monardes writes (see Clusius, ‘Simp. Med.’ ed. 3, 
lib. iii. p. 41), although he is inclined to make it a link between the 
Deer and Goat, and to extend its range to Africa. He describes it 
as having the size and agility of the Stag, ‘Sed cornibus in dorsum 
reflexis et corporis forma capreis fere simile, quam ob causam, ab 
incolis capra montana vocatur, tametsi meo indicio cervi-capra potius 
dici debeat.’’ Garzias also says (see Clusius, ‘ Aromat. et Simp. 
Med. lib. i. cap. xiv. p. 164), ‘‘Est in Corasone et Persia Hirci 
quoddam genus, quod Pazan lingua Persica vocant rufi aut alterius 
coloris (ego rufum et preegrandem Goze vidi) mediocri altitudine, in 
cujus ventriculo fit hic lapis Bezahr.”’ These accounts are con- 
firmed by Acosta (see Clusius, ‘Aromat.’ &c. p. 59) who states 
that the hunters are able to tell what animals are suffering from 
these concretions, which he says are sometimes so large as to cause 
death *. 
The above authors are quoted by Aldrovandus (Quad. Bisule. 
Hist. p. 755) and Bauhinus (Monog. de Lap. Bez. cap. xvii. p. 97), 
and Bontius (De Lap. Bez. p. 165); the latter adds, ‘It is not 
dissimilar to the goat of Europe, but the horns are longer and 
more erect.” 
In Ray (Syst. Animal. p. 80), Charleton (Exercitationes, p. 69), 
and others, we find little but repetition on this subject until we come 
to Kempfer, who (Ameen. Exot. fase. ii. p. 396, p. 406. fig. 2) 
describes the animal which produces the Bezoar stones as “fera 
quedam montana caprini generis, quam incole Pasen, nostrates 
Capricervam nominant.”’ The description which he gives of this 
Capricerva agrees pretty well with the Aigagrus; but he makes the 
since often repeated mistake of assigning to the female no horns, or 
even traces of them. Dr. Brandt (Tch. Asie Mineure, vol. ii. p. 671) 
considers that the animal which Kempfer has figured represents a 
species of Ibex; but it is hard to say what so rude an illustration 
really stands for. 
Brisson (Reg. Animal. p. 44) has introduced confusion into the 
matter by identifying with the Pasan of the above authors some 
species of Antelope, though he gives it a beard like a Goat; of the 
horns he says, ‘‘ Cornua ipsi teretia sunt, recta, sat longa, ab imo ad 
summum fere annulata, apice tantummodo levi.” He also refers 
to the Wild Goat of Crete as Capra cretensis or the Cvis of most 
other authors. The animal figured by Houttuyn (Nat. Hist. p. 206, 
pl. xxiv. fig. 2), who quotes Kempfer, also belongs to the Antelope 
tribe, though called by him Cervicapra, or the Bezoarbock. 
Linnzus has identified the Hircus bezoarticus of Aldrovandus, the 
Capra bezoartica of Ray, and the Capricerva of Kempfer with an 
animal which lives in Persia and produces the Bezoar stone, and 
* The word Bezoar, Bezahar, Pasahar, &c., is, according to some authors, 
derived from the Persian Pa, against, and Zahar, poison; while others say that 
it is merely a corruption of Pasen or Pasan, the Persian for Goat. 
