122 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE MUSCLES OF BIRDS. [Feb. 3, 



a. The Anseres include four families, (I) the Anatidee, (2) the 

 SpheniseidcE, (3) the Colymbidce, and (4) the Podicipidce. With the 

 exception of the Podicipidae, they agree in having a formula A B. X, 

 an ambiens muscle, caeca to the intestine (except Mergellus, in which 

 there is only one small caecum), two carotids, a very elongate great 

 pectoral muscle, which meets its fellow of the opposite side above the 

 symphysis furculae in a median raphe, and a tufted oil-gland. The 

 Podicipidce have for formula B. X ; the ambiens is absent, as is 

 frequently the semimembranosus ; the left carotid only is present ; 

 there are caeca coli and a tufted oil-gland. 



j3. The Nasutce, including the Storm- and true Petrels. I have 

 not dissected Diomedea. They are divisible into two subfamilies : — 



1 . The Storm-petrels, with formula A B. X Y, no caeca, a tufted 

 oil-gland and a peculiar sternum. The ambiens does not seem to 

 be always developed. The great pectoral is double. 



2. The Fulmarida, with formula A B. X, the ambiens muscle 

 present, two short caeca, a tufted oil-gland, and a characteristic 

 sternum. Bulweria is exceptional in having its formula A. X, and 

 therefore quite different from that of the Storm-Petrels. The great 

 pectoral is double. 



The order Ciconiiformes may be divided into five cohorts of 

 somewhat different importance : — 



1. The Pelargi, with formula A. X Y, an ambiens muscle, a 

 tufted oil-gland, intestinal caeca, and a double great pectoral 

 muscle. 



2. The Cathartidce, with formula A. X Y, an ambiens muscle, 

 no caeca, a nude oil-gland, and a double great pectoral muscle. 



3. The Herodiones, with formula A.XY or XY, no ambiens 

 muscle, a single caecum coli, and a tufted oil-gland. 



4. The Steyanopodes, which do not form so natural a family, in 

 my eyes, as in those of many ; for their myological formula is not 

 the same in all, being 



In Phaethon A. X Y, 



In Sula and Phalacrocorax A. X, 



In Fregata A, 



from which it may be inferred that Phaethon approaches the Cico- 

 niidae and Fregata the Accipitres. They all possess the ambiens, 

 caeca, a tufted oil-gland, and the four toes included in a web, which 

 is but imperfectly developed in some. Sula and Phalacrocorax, 

 with Plotus, form one family, Phaethon another, Fregata a third, 

 and Pelecanus a fourth. 



5. The Accipitres proper include the Falconidae and the true 

 Vultures (between which there is not even any subfamily structural 

 difference), together with the Strigidae. Their formula is A ; the 

 ambiens is present (except in the Strigidae), as are caeca, a tuft to 

 the oil-gland, and an aftershaft (except in Pandion). 



The order Charadriiformes, including all the Schizorhinal 

 birds, is a large one, and may be divided into two cohorts — a. the 

 ColumbcB, and /3. the Limicolte. They all, except Arctica alle, 

 have two carotids. 



