1874.] MR. A. H.GARROD ON THE MUSCLES OF BIRDS. 123 



a. The Columbce, including the Pteroclida, have a formula 

 AB. X Y (except in Lopholamus, in which it is apparently A. X Y). 

 The ambiens muscle is sometimes present, sometimes absent. The 

 oil-gland, if present, is nude ; caeca may or may not be present ; 

 and the pterylosis is a very diffused one. 



ft. The Limicolce have a tufted oil-gland and caeca ; they form 

 four families at least : — 



1 . The Charadriidce, with formula A B. X Y and A. X Y, and an 

 ambiens muscle. 



2. The Laridce, with A. X Y formula, and an ambiens muscle. 



3. The Gruidee, with formula A B. X Y, and an ambiens muscle. 



4. The Alcidce, with formula AB. X, and no ambiens muscle. 

 The Anomalogonatous birds form three cohorts — a. the Pas- 



seriformes, /3. the Piciformes, and y. the Cypseliformes. They are 

 divisible into the following families: — 

 a. Passeriformes. 



1 . The Passeres, with a formula A. X Y (except in Dicrurus, in 

 which it is A. X), a characteristic palate and sternum (except in 

 Pteroptochus), a left carotid only, and a characteristic tensor patagii 

 brevis muscle (to be described on a future occasion). 



2. The Bucconidce, of which I have not dissected any example, 

 but which most probably come here. 



3. The Trogonidce, with formula A. X, a left carotid only, and a 

 very passerine pterylosis. 



4. The Meropidce, with a formula A. X Y, and a left carotid only. 



5. The Caprimulgidce, with a formula A. X Y, and two carotids. 



6. The Steatornithidce, with a formula X Y, and two carotids. 



7. The Coraciidce, in which the Coraciinee and Momotince are com- 

 bined, on account of their not presenting family differences. They 

 have a formula A. X Y, and two carotids. 



8. The Galbulidce, with a formula A. X Y or A. X, two carotid 

 arteries, and a scansorial foot. 



/3. Piciformes. 



1 . The Picaria, to include the Pici, the Ramphastidce, and Ca- 

 pitonidce, these three not in any point presenting family differences. 

 They may be divided into two subfamilies, the Pici forming the 

 one, the Ramphastidce together with the Capitonidce forming another. 

 The formula is A. X Y (except in the Picinee among the Pici) ; the 

 form of the sternum and of the tensor patagii brevis is characteristic. 

 The foot is scansorial. 



2. The Upupidce, with formula A. X Y, a characteristic pterylosis, 

 a left carotid only, and a passeriform foot. 



3. The Bucerotidce, with formula A. X Y, no fat found on the 

 body, a characteristic sternum, and one or two carotids. 



4. The Alcedinida, with formula A. X, and two carotids. 



y. Cypseliformes, including the Cypselidce and Trochilidce, between 

 which the differences are only of subfamily importance. The 

 formula is A ; the tensor patagii brevis and the pterylosis are charac- 

 teristic, as is the sternum ; and there is only a left carotid (except 

 in Cypseldides) . 



