JuLy 20, 1899] 
NATURE 279 
subscribed for by past and present members of the class of 
physiology. It bears the following inscription on the 
pedestal: —In piam memoriam Gulielmi Rutherford, M.D., 
F.R.S., in Universitate Academica Edinburgensi, ab anno 
MDCCCLXXIV. ad annum MDCCCXCIX., Physiologic 
Professoris hanc effigiem posuerunt discipuli eius Universitatis 
huius cives. A.D. MDCCCXCIX.” 
Sir Joun WoLFreE Barry, K.C.B., F.R.S., has been elected 
by the Council of the Society of Arts chairman for the 
ensuing year. 
Tue fourth International Congress of Psychology will be 
held in Paris from August 20-25, 1900. The organisation is 
left to the French members, and the following are the officers : 
President, Th. Ribot, professor of experimental and comparative 
psychology in the Collége de France ; Vice-President, Charles 
Richet, professor of physiology in the Paris Faculty of Medicine; 
General Secretary, Pierre Janet, Director of the Laboratory of 
Psychology in the College de France. The seven Sections and 
the Presidents are as follows: (1) Psychology in its relations 
to physiology and anatomy, Prof. Matthias Duval; (2) Intro- 
spective psychology and its relations to philosophy, Prof. G. 
Séailles; (3) Experimental psychology and _psycho-physics, 
M A. Binet ; (4) Pathological psychology and psychiatrie, Dr. 
Magnan; (5) Psychology of hypnotism and related questions, 
Dr. Bernheim ; (6) Social and criminal psychology, M. Tarde ; 
(7) Comparative psychology and anthropology, Prof. Yves 
Delage. Those wishing to attend the congress should apply 
to the Secretary, and those wishing to present papers should 
forward abstracts not later than January I next. 
A COMBINED meeting of the German and Viennese Anthropo- 
logical Societies is to be held at Lindau from September 4 to 7 
of the present year. 
AN expedition to determine the geological and mineralogical 
features of the almost unknown region lying between Buffalo 
Hump, in Idaho County, Idaho, and the Nez Perce Pass, in 
the Bitter Root range, has been organised and equipped by 
Colonel W. S. Brackett, of Peoria, Ill. The party numbers 
twelve men, all of whom are stated to be experienced 
mountaineers. 
Reports from Vancouver, British Columbia, announce the 
ascent for the first time of Mount Morrison, the highest moun- 
tain in Formosa, by Stoepel, the explorer of the Pic of Orizaba 
n Mexico. 
Dr. D. J. LEECH, professor of materia medica and thera- 
peutics at the Owens College, Manchester, will deliver the 
address inaugurating the winter session of the Pharmaceutical 
Society on October 2, and on the occasion the Society’s Hanbury 
medal will be presented to Prof. Albert Ladenburg, of Breslau, 
for his researches into the chemistry of the atropine alkaloids. 
Tue ‘‘ Board of Estimate and Appointment” for the City of 
New York has set aside 63,000 dollars for the zoological garden 
in Bronx Park. It is also proposed to raise the appropriation 
for the American Museum of Natural History from 90,000 to 
130,000 dollars annually. 
AN appeal has recently been made in the Manchester press, 
by the President and Secretary of the Manchester Literary and 
Philosophical Society, for help in restoring the tomb of Dalton 
the chemist. The appeal is made ‘‘ to those residents of Man- 
chester, chemists and others, who are interested in the work 
and fame of John Dalton.” It appears that the funds of the 
Society cannot be used for the purpose, but the Council ‘* have 
felt that the continued neglect of the resting-place of one of 
Manchester’s greatest worthies would be a scandal and a dis- 
credit.” The sum of 75/. in all is the amount endeavoured to 
NO. 1551, VOL. 60] 
be raised, it being thought that the interest on the sum remaining 
after the payment of present repairs has been made will suffice 
for keeping the tomb in repair. 
Mr. GRIESBACH states in the annual report of the Geological 
Department of India that last year a find of copper and gold 
was reported near the village of Rohera, a station on the 
Rajputana-Malwa Railway, in Sirohi territory. The place had 
evidently been worked for copper in ancient times, and to a 
considerable extent, as may be seen from the heaps of copper 
slag in the vicinity. The old mine had, however, not been 
sufficiently excavated at the time of the Director's visit to enable 
him to judge of the extent of the deposit. 
A CONSIDERABLE amount of attention has, says the Journal 
of the Society ef Arts, been given in France to what may be 
termed general agricultural education. Agricultural teaching, 
of a more or less rudimentary order, has been made obligatory 
at elementary schools, and a small garden for practical illus- 
tration has been attached to many of these institutions in 
rural districts, “and the instruction thus given has, it is said, 
produced most beneficial results. The general instruction is 
given by departmental professors and special professors, whose 
duties may be divided into two distinct sections: (1) general 
instruction of adults—in the service of the Ministry of Agri- 
culture ; (2) teaching in the normal schools—in the service of 
the Ministry of Public Instruction. The tuition for adults 
takes the form of lectures, delivered in different parts of the 
department. The lectures are intended to enlighten landed 
proprietors, farmers, and others as to the best agricultural 
methods, the applications which can be made of scientific 
discoveries, &c. ; in a word, to assist them in reaping the 
greatest possible profit from their land. The subjects treated 
naturally vary greatly according to the needs of the population 
of each department ; the lectures, however, possess one charac- 
teristic in common, they are of an essentially ‘‘ popular” type. 
The lecturer also, at the close of each lecture, places himself 
at the disposal of his audience, with the object of advising 
them individually regarding special questions, and of elucid- 
ating any points touched upon in his discourse which they 
may have failed to grasp. The most powerful aids to this class 
of teaching are found in the ‘‘ experimental” and *‘ demon- 
stration” fields. Attention is also called to the agricultural 
stations and laboratories of the country, which, though not 
properly coming within the sphere of educational establish- 
ments, render considerable service to the agricultural popu- 
lation. 
AccoRDING to the Watzonal Geographic Magazine, forecasts 
for forty-eight hours in advance, for all States east of the Rocky 
Mountains, were, for the first time in the history of the Weather 
Bureau, regularly issued from Washington each night during 
April of the present year. 
Orbers issued by the Government of India to civil surgeons 
with entomological proclivities require them ‘‘ to make collec- 
tions of mosquitoes and other flies that bite men or animals, in 
accordance with the instructions contained in [rof. Ray 
Lankester’s pamphlet,” with a view of determining the possible 
connection of malaria with mosquitoes. For the general de- 
tructions of mosquitoes several methods have, says the Indian 
correspondent of the Zance¢, been tried. In many places the 
engineer has been successful by draining the marshy areas. In 
others the use of kerosene by throwing it into the water where 
it forms a film on the surface has prevented the developing 
larve from reaching the air, and has thus brought about their 
destruction. A more recent experiment has been the employ- 
ment of permanganate of potash, which is said to kill the insect 
in all stages of its development. As this chemical has also been 
