358 
NALORE 
[AucusT 10, 1899 
as in water-logged country, or where the inhabitants are not 
sufficiently advanced to take the necessary precautions, we can 
scarcely expect the recent observations to be of much use—at 
least for some years to come. And this limitation must, I fear, 
exclude most of the rural areas in India. 
Where, however, the breeding pools are not very numerous, 
and where there is anything approaching a competent sanitary 
establishment, we may, I think, hope to reap the benefit of 
these discoveries. And this should apply to the most crowded 
areas, such as those of cities, towns and cantonments, and also 
to tea, coffee,and indigo estates, and perhaps to military camps. 
For instance, malaria causes an enormous amount of sickness 
among the poor in most Indian cities. Here the common 
species of mosquitoes breed in the precincts of almost all the 
houses, and can therefore scarcely be exterminated ; but pools 
suitable for the spotted-winged varieties are comparatively 
scarce, being found only on vacant areas, ill-kept gardens, or 
beside roads in very exceptional positions where they can 
neither dry up quickly nor contain fish. Thus a single small 
puddle may supply the dangerous mosquitoes to several square 
miles containing a crowded population : if this be detected and 
drained off—which will generally cost only a very few rupees— 
we may expect malaria to vanish from that particular area. 
The same considerations will apply to military cantonments 
and estates under cultivation. In many such malaria causes the 
bulk of the sickness, and may often, I think, originate from two 
or three small puddles of a few square yards in size. Thus ina 
malarious part of the cantonment of Secunderabad, I found the 
larvee of spotted-winged mosquitoes only after a long search in 
a single little pool which could be filled up with a few cart-loads 
of town rubbish. 
In making these suggestions I do not wish to excite hopes 
which may ultimately prove to have been unfounded. We do 
not yet know all the dangerous species of mosquito, nor do we 
even possess an exhaustive knowledge of the haunts and habits 
of any one variety. I wish merely to indicate what, so faras I 
can see at present, may become a very simple means of erad- 
icating malaria. 
One thing may be said for certain. Where previously we 
have been unable to point out the exact origin of the malaria in 
a locality, and have thought that it rises from the soil generally, 
we may now hope for much more precise knowledge regarding 
its source; and it will be contrary to experience if human 
ingenuity does not finally succeed in turning such information 
to practical account. 
More than this, if the distinguishing characteristics of the 
malaria-bearing mosquitoes are sufficiently marked (if, for 
instance, they all have spotted wings), people forced to live or 
travel in malarious districts will ultimately come to recognise 
them and to take precautions against being bitten by them, 
Before practical results can be reasonably looked for, however, 
we must find precisely— 
(a) What species of Indian mosquitoes do and do not carry 
human malaria. 
(6) What are the habits of the dangerous varieties. 
I hope, therefore, that I may be permitted to urge the 
desirability of carrying out this research. It will no longer 
present any scientific difficulties, as only the methods already 
successfully adopted will be required. The results obtained 
will be quite unequivocal and definite. 
But the inquiry should be exhaustive. It will not suffice to 
distinguish merely one or two malaria-bearing species of 
mosquito in one or two localities ; we should learn to know all 
of them in all parts of the country. 
The investigation will be abbreviated if the dangerous species 
be found to belong only to one class of mosquito, as I think is 
likely ; and the researches which are now being energetically 
entered upon in Germany, Italy, America and Africa will assist 
any which may be undertaken in India, though there is reason 
for thinking that the malaria-bearing species differ in various 
countries, 
As each species is detected it will be possible to attempt 
measures at once for its extermination in given localities as an 
experiment. 
I regret that, owing to my work connected with £a/a-azar, I 
have not been able to advance this branch of knowledge as 
much during my term of special duty as I had hoped to do; 
but I think that the solution of the malaria problem which has 
been obtained during this period will ultimately yield results of 
practical importance. 
NO. 1554, VOL. 6c! 
UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL 
INTELLIGENCE. 
THE Zimes reports that the University of Berlin celebrated 
on Thursday last the ninetieth anniversary of its foundation by 
Frederick William III. The oration was delivered by the re- 
tiring rector, Dr. Waldeyer, professor of anatomy, who took for 
his text the question, ‘* Does the University of Berlin fulfil the 
mission entrusted to it by its founder?” As a contribution to 
the discussion of this question, he gave a learned and interesting 
account of the history of anatomical teaching in Berlin. Dr. 
Waldeyer is succeeded as rector by Prof. Fuchs, the dis- 
tinguished mathematician. 
THE Research Fellowships founded by the Salters’ Com- 
pany and the Leathersellers’ Company for the encouragement 
of higher research in chemistry in its relation to manufactures, 
tenable at the City and Guilds Central Technical College, being 
now vacant, the Executive Committee of the City and Guilds of 
London Institute will, before the commencement of next 
session, consider applications and elect candidates. The grant 
made by each of the companies to the Institute for this pur- 
pose is 150/. a year. Copies of the schemes under which the 
Fellowships will be awarded may be had on application to the 
Honorary Secretary of the Institute, Gresham College, Basing- 
hall Street, E.C. 
A copy of the twenty-third annual ‘‘ Catalogue” of the 
Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas has been received. 
All the departments of the College appear to be well equipped, 
and the buildings and grounds are of a very extensive character. 
The course of work at the College is designed to enable young 
men ‘‘ to obtain that education and training which will fit them to 
take a leading part in the material development of the State ; to 
become scientific farmers and horticulturists, familiar with the 
properties and needs of soils, the laws of plant growth, the 
principles of breeding, and, in general, with rational methods 
based on the revelations of modern science; to become 
mechanical engineers, draughtsmen, chemists, civil engineeers, 
competent to fill responsible positions in these callings—men 
fitted not only to meet demands made upon them, but to create 
such demand by pointing the way to progress and development.” 
THE Royal Naval Engineering College at Keyham was 
visited by members of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 
during the recent meeting at Plymouth, and the excellent 
opportunities afforded for the efficient training of the engineer 
students, who are being instructed both theoretically and 
practicaliy to enable them to become engineer officers in the 
Royal Navy, were seen. For the last eleven years Keyham has 
been the only Admiralty training ground for these officers. An 
entry is made once each year, during the first or second week in 
July, following a competitive examination held by the Civil 
Service Commissioners in the previous April. The period of 
training is five years. Throughout this time they undergo an 
educational course at the Royal Naval Engineering College 
under Prof. A. M. Worthington, F.R.S., whilst their practical 
training is obtained in the dockyard at Keyham, and the work 
they perform is as far as possible real. In a paper read before 
the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Mr. R. Mayston 
pointed out that the facilities afforded at Keyham for the 
acquirement of a thoroughly practical training place the Royal 
Naval Engineering College in the foremost rank as an institu- 
tion for obtaining a sound knowledge of mechanical engineering. 
The fact that as soon as possible after entry the student is 
employed on useful work, the various courses of instruction 
which are arranged to render the knowledge of marine engineer- 
ing obtained as complete and as comprehensive as possible, 
the facilities afforded for acquaintance with running machinery, 
the constant contact throughout the training with experienced 
workmen, the frequent opportunities afforded for obtaining 
information from the officers who have charge of the training, 
all go to indicate that nothing is spared to make the training 
of the engineer student as complete as possible. It may, 
indeed, be accurately said that Keyham College furnishes an 
example of what technical education should mean, namely, a 
wise combination of theoretical and practical work. 
HER Majesty's Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851 
have made the following appointments to Science Research 
Scholarships for the year 1899, on the recommendation of the 
authorities of the respective Universities and Colleges. The 
scholarships are of the value of 1I50/. a year, and are 
ordinarily tenable for two years (subject to a satisfactory 
—— se ee 
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