BEAVERS AND THEIR WAYS. 279 
east of Norway, were found three Beaver’s teeth, and a rude 
stone hammer, bearing marks of use, lying by the side of a 
human skeleton.* This discovery is of peculiar interest to the 
archeologist and ethnologist, as supplying another of the many 
interesting examples of analogies in the resources of primeval 
arts; for we know that the Beaver-tooth with its broad and sharp 
edge furnished the American Indians with one of his best cutting 
instruments previous to the introduction of iron tools. Dr. 
Richardson states that the incisor-tooth of the Beaver fixed in a 
wooden handle was used by the Indians of the North-West to cut 
bone, and fashion their horn-tipped spears and arrows till it was 
superseded by the English file. 
In Denmark, as we learn from an interesting report by Prof. 
Steenstrup,t remains of the Beaver have been found in the peat 
moss of Christiansholm, and in Fyen; previously discovered 
traces of it within Danish territory, having been limited to 
Sjelland, where tree-stems from two to four inches thick with 
evident marks of Beavers’ teeth upon them, have been found 
in the peat mosses of Mariendals and Bronsholm. When the 
Beaver became extinct in Denmark I have not been able to 
discover. 
Russia, Livonta, and Ponanp, could all claim the Beaver 
amongst their indigenous Mammalia. 
In Norra Russia, according to Oken, Beavers were to be 
found on the Dwina, and the Petchora; and in the south, 
according to Demidoff, they were regarded as somewhat scarce 
on the Danube, but more common in the region towards the 
Caucasus; while at the date at which he wrote (1842) many had 
been killed in the districts watered by the Natanebi, and the 
Tereck. 
In the Baltic province of Livonta, during the last century, 
Beavers were not uncommon, especially on the Middle Aa. 
About 150 years ago they built in the north of Livonia, on the 
Pernau and its tributaries, and occasionally on the Embach, 
but especially in Central Livonia, on the Aa, and in Sedde. 
They may also have occurred in Salis, and on the Duna and its 
**Worhandlinger af Danske Videnskab. Selsk. Illustreret Nyhedsblad’ 
(Christiania), 1856, p. 104. 
} ‘Oversigt over det Konigl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhand- 
linger,’ 1855, p. 381. 
