NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS. 468 
regular and periodically used routes where the migratory hosts 
are focussed into solid streams. Three salient lines on the east 
coast of Scotland are invariably shown, viz.:—(1) by the entrance 
of the Firth of Forth, and as far north as Bell Rock, both coming 
in autumn and leaving in spring; (2) by the Pentland Firth and 
Pentland Skerries, likewise in spring and autumn; and (3) by 
the insular groups of Orkney and Shetland, which perhaps may 
be looked upon as part of No.2. On the other hand, from three 
great areas of coast line, including many favourably lighted 
stations, returns are but rarely received. These areas are 
Berwickshire, the whole of the east coast south of the Moray 
Firth, and Caithness and East Sutherland. All of these possess 
high and precipitous coast lines, if we except the minor estuaries 
of the rivers Tay and Dee, and a small portion of the lower coast 
line of Sutherland, which face towards the east. 
On the east coast of England these highways are less clearly 
demonstrated. The Farn Islands, Flamborough Head, and the 
Spurn are well-established points of arrival and departure; but 
south of the Humber as far as the South Foreland the stream 
appears continuous along the whole coast line, and to no single 
locality can any certain and definite route be assigned. It 
cannot be said that the southerly flow of autumn migrants is 
equally distributed along the entire west coast of England. On 
the contrary, the schedules afford unmistakable evidence that 
the great majority of these migrants, so far as the English and 
Welsh coasts are concerned, are observed at stations south of 
Anglesey. But while the north-west section of the coast is thus 
less favoured than the rest, such is not the case with the Isle of 
Man, which comes in for an important share of the west coast 
migratory movement. Large numbers of immigrants from 
Southern Europe pass through the Pentland Firth, and (along 
with migrants from Faroé, Iceland, and Greenland) down the 
west coast of Scotland, whence many cross to Ireland, and it 
seems probable that the remainder leave Scotland at some point 
on the Wigtown coast, and pass by way of the Isle of Man to 
the west coast of Wales, and thus avoid the English shore of 
the Irish Sea. The schedules sent in from the coasts of Flint, 
Cheshire, Lancashire, and Cumberland show that in 1884-85 
comparatively few migrants were observed, and that the great 
general movement did not affect them in any general degree. 
