KEY TO THE PHYLA. 
Plants which are differentiated into root, stem and leaves, but not 
producing seeds. 
Spore-bearing leaves variously arranged, but not forming cones. 
Phylum Pteridophyta. ___9 
PAGE 
Spore-bearing leaves forming a cone. 
Stems hollow, jointed; leaves reduced to toothed sheaths at the 
nodes. Phylum Calamophyta. --13 
Stems solid; leaves functional. Phylum Lepidophyta. --13 
Plants which produce seeds. 
Ovules and seeds borne on the surface of a scale or bract; stigmas 
wanting. Phylum Strobilophyta. __14 
Ovules and seeds borne in a closed cavity in the ovary; stigmas 
present. Phylum Anthophyta. ---1 
GENERAL KEY TO THE ANTHOPHYTA. 
Plants with one cotyledon; fibrovascular bundles scattered through- 
out the stem; floral parts usually in threes or multiples of three; 
leaves mostly parallel-veined. Class MONOCOTYLEDONEZ. ___1 
Plants with two cotyledons, fibro-vascular bundles forming a cylinder 
around a central core of pith; floral parts usually in fours or fives; 
leaves generally net-veined. Class DICOTYLEDONE4. __ 
Class MONOCOTYLEDONEZ. 
Ovary superior, perianth when present attached at the base of the 
ovary. 
Perianth usually well developed, partly or wholly corolloid. 
Carpels distinct or if partly united separating at maturity. 
ALISMALES. _ 
Carpels united into a compound pistil, ovary usually three-celled. 
LILIALES. -- 
Perianth represented by scales or bristles only, or wanting; never 
corolloid. ; 
Plants grass-like; flowers enclosed by chaffy bracts, ovary one- 
celled, and one-seeded. POALES. __26 
Plants not grass-like; flowers not enclosed by chaffy bracts. 
Plants floating on the surface of water; stems leaf-like; 
leaves wanting. Lemnacee. --2 
Plants terrestrial or rooted at the bottom of water, not free 
floating. 
Terrestrial plants, or if aquatics, not submerged. ARALES. __24 
Aquatics, wholly submerged or some of the leaves floating. 
Stigmas two to four; flowers solitary in the axils. Naias. _.24 
Stigma single; flowers often spicate. ALISMALES. --15 
Ovary inferior, perianth attached above it. 
Submerged aquatics with whorled leaves. HYDRALES. __58 
Terrestrial plants, or if aquatics, not submerged. 
