1877. ] ANATOMY OF THE RUMINANTS. 3 
contain an account of those parts in certain species of the Cavicornia 
and Cervide (such as the stomach, liver, generative organs, and 
brain), which are subject to variation in the different species that I 
have had the opportunity of examining. 
The stomach of the Ruminantia, on account of its complexity, 
presents features of special interest. As far as the general shape and 
proportions of its cavities are concerned, my observations tend to 
show that the relative size of the psalterium in the different genera 
is the only characterizing feature. In the abomasum I have not 
detected any variation. 
The rumen varies as to the shape and distribution of the villi on 
its mucous membrane. In most of the smaller species the folds 
which constrict the viscus, as well as the pouches between them, are 
covered internally with villi, though these are larger in the latter 
situations. In most of the larger species the villi are absent on the 
folds, and are largest in the middle of the pouches. This is specially 
the case in the Rusine Deer. In the Sheep and its allies they are 
peculiarly scattered and broad at their bases, as is also the case in 
Moschus. In most of the smaller species of the order they are 
cylindrical or flattened cylinders, as close-set as the “pile” in 
velvet. In Portax picta they are very elaborate, close-set, pedun- 
culated and foliaceous. In Cervus alfredi they are flattened and 
expanded apically, in other words tongue-shaped, as they are in 
Camelopardalis giraffa. In Tetraceros subgquadricornutus all the 
villi are flattened, broad, and rounded, absent on the folds. In 
Table I. column VIIL., further notes on the peculiarities in the ramen 
will be found. 
The reticulum varies in the depth and size of its cells, but not to 
any great extent. I have not ever seen them deeper than in Cervus 
_ duvaucelli ($ inch), or shallower than in the Giraffe. In some 
species the cell-walls are thicker than in others, as may be seen on 
reference to Table I. column IX. 
The psalterium varies more than any other section of the stomach i 
and a study of its laminz brings to mind the septa of some of the more 
elaborate and fully calcified corals; for, as in them, the lamine are 
of different lengths, and their arrangement is subject to definite laws. 
This organ may be defined as a subglobose dilatation of the upper 
wall of the canal leading from the reticulum to the abomasum, the 
lumen of which is much reduced by the development from all but its 
lower wall of longitudinal villous-covered folds of its mucous lining. 
In size it differs greatly, being very large in the genus Bos, minute in 
Nannotragus and Cephalophus. 
Of the lamin there are a certain number (frequently ten) of a 
definitely greater depth than any of their neighbours ; and these may 
be termed primary laminze. Between each two of these there are 
secondary lamine of smaller size; and such being the case, nineteen 
is the average number of the two sets combined. When the organ 
is more complex a still shallower ¢eréiary lamina appears on each 
side of each secondary one ; and there may be quaternary laminee on 
each side of each tertiary, on either side, again, of which there may 
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