1877.] ANATOMY OF THE RUMINANTS. 7 
The psalterium of Moschus moschiferus differs essentially from 
any other with which I am acquainted. Prof. Flower has fully 
described and figured it’, at the same time that he has pointed out 
how much the specimen in the Museum of the College of Surgeons 
differs from that the account of which is given by Pallas’. Mr. 
Flower has kindly permitted me to examine the specimen. The 
nineteen plice all belong to the primary cycle without doubt; andas 
this number is that of the primary together with the secondary folds 
in most ruminants of the same size, it appears to me that their 
peculiarity consists in the exaggerated development (to the size of 
the primary) of the second cycle. These laminz are also peculiarly 
close to one another at their lines of attachment, which is further in 
favour of this view. Between some of the folds I have detected 
lines of papillee ; but their presence is the exception, not the rule. 
Where the psalterium is large it is sometimes found that longi- 
tudinal rows of papillary lines are present at intervals on the primary 
folds, and even the secondary lamine. These are very conspicuous 
in Portax picta. 
In some quadruplicate and in all quinquiplicate psalteria the 
cycles of smallest laminee are nothing more than rows of papille. 
In other quadruplicate psalteria the cycles of the fourth power are 
developed as true folds without any ultimate lines of papille. 
Whether or not this is the case is indicated in Table I. (p. 5) by the 
descriptive name in column X., whatever the power, being printed 
in roman letters or italics. When in italics the laminze of the highest 
power are only represented by papillary rows. 
The liver is always simple and small, being situated almost en- 
tirely on the right side of the median line. The umbilical fissure 
never extends more than one half through the organ, generally less. 
The lateral fissures never exist. 
The gall-bladder is absent in all the Cervidee, according to my 
observations, and in the genus Cephalophus among the Bovide. 
The caudate lobe is very variable in size, and is frequently smaller 
in adult than in young individuals. In most species it is elongate, 
slender, and lateral, forming little more than an incomplete cap to 
the right kidney; in some it is quadrate from the development 
ventrally of its basal portion. 
The Spigelian lobe is frequently entirely absent, as such. When 
present it is a development of the median portion of the posterior 
margin of the portal fissure, extending so as to overlap it. When 
its base is broad, as in the Sheep, it may be termed oviform; when 
it is pedunculate, as is generally the case in the genus Rusa, it may 
be termed rusiform, 
Variations of slight degree are found in individuals of the same 
species. From Table I. (pp. 5, 6) the peculiarities of the different 
varying parts of the organ in the specimens which I have had the 
opportunity of examining may be determined (columns II. to V.). 
1 Pp. Z, 8. 1875, p. 170. ? Spicilegia Zoologica, fase, xiii. (1779). 
