14 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE { Jan. 2, 
being filled up by the appearance, superficially, of portions of the 
nasal turbinal. This is also the case in Cervus pudu and C. colum- 
bianus. In C. leucurus the nasal processes of the praemaxille are also 
very short, and they therefore do not join the nasal bones; nor do 
they in O. campestris, nor, generally, in C. rufus, and only just in C. 
virginianus. They do join the nasals in C. leucotis and C. antisiensis. 
In Alces machlis, on account of the extreme shortness of the nasal 
bones, the premaxillary processes do not meet them; but in all the 
Old-World Cervidze the line of junction of the two is considerable, 
except in Elaphodus cephalophus and Cervulus reevesi. 
In all the American Cervide and in the Reindeer the floor of the 
posterior osseous nares is prolonged backwards more than in their Old- 
‘World allies, from the extension backwards of the palatine plates of 
the palatal bones. In Cervulus there is a tendency to this condition, 
but not in any other Old-World genus. 
In his invaluable paper’ “On the Evidences of Affinity afforded 
by the Skull in the Ungulate Mammalia,’ Mr. H. N. Turner 
remarks :—“I have noticed that in the Moschide [Hyomoschus, 
Tragulus, and Moschus| the styloid process {tympano-hyal] becomes 
free almost immediately at the base of the auditory process, while in 
the Bovide, or Cavicorn Ruminants, it is enclosed, more or less 
completely, for some distance in the downward and forward direc- 
tion.’ And in all the Cavicornia which I have examined, the 
tympano-hyal bone is situated on the outer side of the petrosal ; 
whilst in many of the Cervidee it is posterior, between the petrosal of 
the temporal and the paramastoid of the occipital bone. In Cervus 
porcinus and Azis maculata, however, the expanded auditory bulla 
insinuates itself from the inner side, between the tympano-hyal and 
the paroccipital process, as in the Cavicornia. Neither in any of 
the American Cervidee, except C. leucotis, nor in Rangifer tarandus, 
Alces machlis, Capreolus caprea, Cervus dama, nor in the genera 
Cervulus and Elaphodus, does it do so. 
In the other Deer (Elaphine, Rusine, and their allies), including 
Elaphurus davidianus and C. leucotis, there is a small process of the 
petrosal, incomparably less than in the Cavicornia, which, from the 
inner side, partially or just removes the tympano-hyal from the par- 
occipital (as seen without damage to the skull). This is well marked 
in Hydropotes inermis ; and Moschus moschiferus is peculiar, in that 
from the outer side a process is sent inwards to join the other, and so 
completely to encircle the tympano-hyal with a ring of bone in a very 
suspiciously Cavicorn manner. The Giraffe, in this respect, much 
resembles Moschus. 
It is worthy of note that in Cervus antisiensis the median incisors 
are not triangular, in which respect it agrees with Rangifer and 
Moschus and differs from the Cervidee generally. In C. /eucotis they 
are so. In C. pudu, as in Moschus, the Giraffe, and many Cavicornia, 
there is only one submental foramen on each side—not two, as in by 
far the majority of the Deer. 
The peculiar way in which, on each side, the: palatal surface of 
1 PZ. S, 1849, p. 152. 
