158 MR. H. SAUNDERS ON THE LARIN^E. [Feb. 5, 



are afterwards stated more fully by Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. 

 xhi. p. 176 (1825). Type and sole representative then known, X. 

 sabinii. Principal characteristic, the forked tail. 



Xema, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563. 



For the European hooded Gulls ; but 



Xema, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 192, 



Includes all those Gulls, either with or without hoods, which he 

 has not otherwise located under Gavia or Larus. 



(N. B. Gavia, Moehring, 1752, Gen. Av. is prior to the 1 2th ed. 

 Linn., and need not be considered ; and Gavia, Brisson, is undefined.) 



Gavia, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563. 



No description, but is applied to two such structurally different 

 species as L. eburneus and L. tridactylus. 



Gavia, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 980, 

 Is limited to L. eburneus only. 



Gavia, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 191, 

 Contains the two former and L. audouini. 



Gavia, Kaup, Nat. Syst. Eur. Thierw. pp. 99, 19G (1829). 

 For L. ridibundus and " L. capistratus ." 



Gavia, Macgill. Man. Brit. Ornith. p. 239 (1842). 

 For all the hooded Gulls, including Xema sabinii. 



Gavia, Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1853, p. 106. 



For the small grey-mantled Gulls without hoods. 



Bissa, Leach, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt, i. p. 180 

 (1825). 



Type, R. brunnichii=L. tridactylus. Character — hind toe absent 

 or rudimentary. 



Cheimonea, Kaup, Nat. Syst. Eur. Thierw. pp. 84, 196 (1829). 

 Type, H. tridactyla. 



Pagophit.a, Kaup, op. cit. pp. 69, 186 (1829). 

 Type, Larus eburneus. 



Leucus, misprint Lencus, Kaup, op. cit. pp. 86, 196 (1829). 

 For L. marinus, glaucus, andywscws; but 



"Leucus, ex Kaup," Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 215 (1857), 

 Omits the black-mantled species and includes the larger grey- 

 backed Gulls. 



