Dec. 15, 1881] 
NALORE 
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trap for ants. He pointed out that three or four glutinous or 
sticky rings are situate immediately underneath the nodes in the 
flowering stalks. Ants climbing the stems are arrested and die 
in numbers at the sticky zones, and few reach the flower. In 
Norway last summer he had observed as many as 95 per cent. of 
the plants with dead and dying ants thereon ; and he therefore 
submits whether the zones are a protection to the flowers ? the ants 
noxious? or that their dead bodies ultimately serve as pabulum 
for the plant? Dr. T. S. Cobbold exhibited diseased roots of 
Stephanotus which he had received from Dr. Masters. They 
swarmed with myriads of nematode worms and were also covered 
with minute Acari. Me referred the worms to the genus Zef/o- 
dera, and stated that thirty-three years back he discovered similar 
parasites in the shrivelled leaves of Gloxinias.—Dr. Maxwell 
Masters read a note on the foliation and ramification of Buddleia 
auriculata, He shows from a study of the mode of development 
and other considerations that the leafy auricles between the 
petioles represent leaves of a whorl, so that the verticil consists of 
two perfect and two imperfect leaves. An additional link between 
Loganiacez and Rubiacez is thus afforded. Further details were 
given concerning the multiple axillary buds in this plant and the 
supra-axillary shoots. Some of the peculiarities alluded to are usually 
explained on the hypothesis of fusion, but the author shows that 
in this, as in many similar cases, the appearances are due to an 
arrest of development, in consequence of which parts that should 
become free in course of growth remain inseparate, and in some 
cases are ‘‘uplifted ”’ with the axis as it lengthens, and are thus 
removed from their normal position. —Prof. Owen read a paper 
on the homology of the conario-hypophysial tract, or the so- 
called pineal and pituitary glands. He propounds the view that 
it is the modified homologue of the mouth and gullet of Inverte- 
brates ; that the sub-cesophageal ganglia or ganglionic masses or 
neural cords constitute the centres whence are derived and cau- 
dally continued the homologues of the Vertebrate myelon.—Mr. 
McLachlan communicated a paper on the Neuroptera of Madeira 
and the Canary Islands. Prompted by the researches of the 
Rev. A. E, Eaton in November and December, 1880. The 
author gives a réswmé of all that had been published on the sub- 
ject, and a tabular statement of the species found in the islands, 
indicating those known also to exist in Europe. In all about 53 
species had been noticed from the islands, of which 19 are 
known inhabitants of the European continent, and 4 African ; 
37 species had been found in Madeira, 31 in the Canaries, 16 
being common to both. The paper concluded with a detailed 
account of the species, including descriptions of several new 
ones.—The following gentlemen were balloted for, and elected 
Fellows of the Society :—Capt. P. Greene, G. S, Jenman, W. 
Landau, E. G. Warnford Lock, Rev. T. P. H. Sturges, Lieut.- 
Col. C. Swinhoe, G. C. Walton, C. S. Wilkinson, G. S. V. 
Wills, and Rey. Geo. Wilson. 
Mathematical Society, December 8.—Mr. S. Roberts, 
F.R.S., president, in the chair.—Mr. G. H. Stuart, M.A., late 
Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, was elected a Member, 
and Miss C. A. Scott was admitted into the Society.—The follow- 
ing papers were read :—On the polar planes of four quadrics, Mr. 
W. Spottiswoode, Pres, R.S.—On some forms of cubic deter- 
minants, Mr, R. F. Scott.—On the flow of a viscous fluid 
through a pipe or channel, Prof. Greenhill.—The covariant 
which is the complete locus of the vertex of the inyolution pencil 
of tangents to a cubic, Mr, J. J. Walker. 
Chemical Society, December 1.—Prof, Roscoe, president, 
in the chair.—The following papers were read :—Researches on 
the laws of substitution in the naphthalene series, Part ii., by 
Dr. Armstrong and Mr, Graham. The product of the action of 
cold sulphuric acid on 8 naphthol proves not to be identical with 
the isomeric sulphonic acid of Rumpf, but to be B naphthyl- 
sulphonate. ‘The same substance may be obtained pure by the 
action of sulphochloride on 8 naphthol. By studying the reac- 
tions of this body the authors prove that bromine and the sulpho 
group do not assume the same position in the body when the 
sulphate is treated with bromine and sulphochloride respectively, 
and express the opinion that modifications of the OH group 
appear to lead to important modifications of the laws of substi- 
tution. A third and a fourth isomeric naphthalene-disulphonic 
acid have been obtained.—On benzylphenol and its derivatives, 
by E. H. Rennie. The author has obtained a monosulphonic 
acid and its salts in a erystalline condition, He has investigated 
the action of nitric acid and of bromine on the salts. He be- 
lieves benzolphenol to be a para derivative-—Note on the 
action of ethyli chlorocarbonate on benzene in the presence 
of aluminic chloride, by E. H. Rennie.—On peppermint cam- 
phor and some of its derivatives, by R. W. Atkinson and 
H. Yoshida, The authors have studied the action of bichro- 
mate on this camphor. Menthone is produced; from its reac- 
tions the authors conclude that the relation between menthol and 
menthone is similar to that between borneol and camphor. They 
have examined the physical properties of these derivatives, and 
give the probable constitution of these bodies.—On the produc- 
tion of oxalic acid from paraffin oil, by J. Galletly and J. S. 
Thomson. ‘lhe authors have acted on paraffin oil from shale, 
with nitric acid, and find that oxalic acid is produced. 
Physical Society, November 26.—Prof. W. G. Adams in 
the chair.—Mr. C. Vernon Boys read a paper on integrating 
apparatus. After referring to his original ‘‘cart” machine for 
integrating, described at a former meeting of the Society, he . 
showed how he had been led to construct the new machine exhi- 
Lited, in which a cylinder is caused to reciprocate longitudinally in 
contact with a disk, and give the integral by its rotation. Integrators 
were of three kinds: (1) radius machines, (2) cosine machines, 
(3) tangent machines. Sliding friction and inertia render the 
fir-t two kinds unsuitable where there are delicate forces or rapid 
variations in the function to be integrated. Tangent machines 
depend on pure rolling, and the inertia and friction are inappre- 
ciable. They are therefore more practical than the other sort. 
It is to this class that Mr. Boys’ machines belong, The author 
then described a theoretical tangent integrator depending on the 
mutual rolling of two smoke rings, and showed how the steering 
of a bicycle or wheelbarrow could be applied to integrate directly 
with a cylinder either the quotient or product of two functions. 
If the tangent wheel is turned through a right angle at starting, 
the machine will integrate a reciprocal, or it can be made to 
integrate functions by an inverse process. If instead of a 
cylinder some other surface of revolution is employed as an 
integrating surface, then special integrations can be effected. 
He showed a polar planimeter, in which the integrating surface 
isa sphere. A special use of these integrators is for finding the 
total work done by a fluid pressure-reciprocatinz engine. The 
difference of pressure on the two sides of the piston determines 
the tangent of the inclination of the tangent wheel which runs 
on the integrating cylinder, while the motion of the latter is 
made to keep time with that of the piston. In this case 
the number of revolutions of the cylinder measures the total 
amount of work done by the engine. The disk cylinder inte- 
grator may also be applied to find the total amount of work 
transmitted by shafting or belting from one part of a factory to 
another. An electric current meter may be made by giving 
inclination to the disk, which is for this purpose made exceed- 
ingly small and delicate, by means of a heavy magnetic needle 
deflected by the current, This, like Edison’s, is a direction 
meter, but a meter in which no regard is paid to the direction of 
the current can be made by help of an iron armature of such a 
shape that the force with which it is attracted to fill the space 
between the poles of an electromagnet is inversely as its displace- 
ment, and then, by resisting this motion by a spring or a 
pendulum, the movement is proportional to the current, and a 
tangent wheel actuated by this movement causes the reciprocating 
cylinder on which it runs to integrate the current strength. Mr, 
Boys exhibited two such electric-energy meters, that is, machines 
which integrate the product of the current strength by the differ- 
ence of potential between two points with respect to time. In 
these the main current is made to pass through a pair of con- 
centric solenoids, and in the annular space between these is hung 
a solenoid, the upper half of which is wound in the opposite direc- 
tion to the lower half. ‘By the use of what Mr. Boys calls 
“induction traps” of iron, the magnetic force is confined ta a 
swall portion of the suspended solenoid, and by this means the 
force is independent of the position, The solenoid is hung to 
one end of a beam, and its motion is resisted by a pendulum 
weight, by which the energy meters may be regulated like clocks 
to give standard measure. The beam carries the tangent wheels, 
and the rotation of the cylinder gives the energy expended in 
foot pounds or other measure. The use of an equal number of 
turns in opposite directions on the movable solenoid causes the 
instrument to be uninfluenced by external magnetic forces. Mr. 
Boys showed on the screen an image of an electric arc, and 
by its side was a spot of light whose position indicated the 
energy and showed every flicker of the light and fluctuation of 
current in the are. He showed on the screen that if the poles 
are brought too near the energy expended is less, though the 
current is stronger, and that if the poles are too far apart, though 
