Fan, 12, 1882 | 
NATURE 
245 
saurs, although many have been described from incom- 
plete specimen’. All of these appear to have been of 
large size, but much inferior in this respect to the gigantic 
forms of the previous period. The remains best pre- 
served show that, before extinction, some members of the 
group became quite highly specialised. 
- Regarding the Dinosaurs as a sub-class of the REP- 
TILIA, the forms best known at present may be classified 
as follows :— 
SuB-CLASs DINOSAURIA 
Premaxillary bones separate; upper and lower tem- 
poral arches; rami of lower jaw united in front by 
cartilage only; no teeth on palate. Neural arches of 
vertebree united to centra by suture; cervical vertebra 
numerous; sacral vertebrz co-ossified. Cervical ribs 
united to vertebrze by suture or ankylosis; thoracic ribs 
double-headed. Pelvic bones separate from each other, 
and from sacrum; ilium prolonged in front of acetabu- 
lum ; acetabulum formed in part by pubis; ischia meet 
distally on median line. Fore and hind limbs present, 
the latter ambulatory and larger than those in front; 
head of femur at right angles to condyles; tibia with 
procnemial crest ; fibula complete. First row of tarsals 
composed of astragalus and calcaneum only, which 
together form the upper portion of ankle joint. 
{1.) Order SAUROPODA (Lizard foot).—Herbivorous. 
Feet plantigrade, ungulate ; five digits in manus and 
pes; second row of carpals and tarsals unossified. Pubes 
projecting in front, and united distally by cartilage; no 
post-pubis. Precaudal vertebra hollow. Fore and hind 
limbs nearly equal; limb bones solid. Sternal bones 
parial. Premaxillaries with teeth. 
(1) Family Atlantosauvide. Anterior vertebre opistho- 
ecelian. Ischia directed downward, with extremities 
meeting on median line. 
Genera Aflantosaurus, Apatosaurus, Brontosaurus, 
Diplodocus, 2 Camarasaurus (Amphicelias), ? Dystro- 
pheus. 
(2) Family MZorosauride. Anterior vertebre opistho- 
ccelian. Ischia directed backward, with sides meeting 
on median line. 
Genus Morosaurus. 
European forms of this order: Bothriospondylus, 
Cetiosaurus, Chondrosteosaurus, Eucamerotus, Ornithop- 
sis, Pelorosaurus. 
(2.) Order STEGOSAURIA (Plated lizard).—Herbivorous. 
Feet plantigrade, ungulate; five digits in manus and 
pes ; second row of carpals unossified, Pubes projecting 
free in front ; post-pubis present. Fore limbs very small ; 
locomotion mainly on hind limbs. Vercebrze and limb 
bones solid. Osseous dermal armor. 
(1) Family Stegosauride. Vertebre biconcave. Neural 
‘canal in sacrum expanded into large chamber ; ischia 
directed backward, with sides meeting on median line. 
Astragalus co-ossified with tibia ; metapodials very short. 
Genera Stegosaurus (Hypsirhophus), Diracodon, and in 
Europe Omosaurus, Owen. 
(2) Family Scedidosauride. Astragalus not co-ossified 
with tibia; metatarsals elongated ; four functional digits 
in pes. Known forms all European. 
Genera Scelidosaurus, Acanthopholis, Crateomus, Hy- 
leosaurus, Polacanthus. 
G3.) Order ORNITHOPODA (Bird foot).—Herbivorous. 
Feet digitigrade, five functional digits in manus and 
three in pes. Pubes projecting free in front ; post-pubis 
present. Vertebrz solid. Fore limbs small; limb bones 
hollow. Premaxillaries edentulous in front. 
(1) Family Camptonotide. Clavicles wanting ; 
pubis complete. 
Genera Camptonotus, Laosaurus, Nanosaurus, and in 
Europe Hyfpsilophodon. 
(2) Family Zewanodontide. 
post- 
Clavicles present ; post- 
pubis incomplete. Premaxillaries edentulous. Known 
forms all European. 
Genera Jewanodon, Vectisaurus. 
(3) Family Hadrosauride. Teeth in several rows, 
forming with use a tessela:ed grinding surface. Anterior 
vertebra opisthoccelian. 
Genera Hadrosaurus, ? Agathaumas, Cionodon. 
(4.) Order THEROPODA (Beast foot).—Carnivorous. 
Feet digitigrade : digits with prehensile claws. Pubes 
projecting downward, and co-ossified distally. Vertebra 
more or less cavernous. Fore limbs very small; limb 
bones hollow. Premaxillaries with teeth. 
(1) Family Iegalosauride. Vertebre biconcave. Pubes 
slender, and united distally. Astragalus with ascending 
process. Five digits in manus and four in pes. 
Genera Jlegalosaurus (Potkilopleuron), from Europe. 
Allosaurus, Calosaurus, Creosaurus, Dryptosaurus 
(Lelaps). 
(2) Family Zanclodontide. Vertebre biconcave. Pubes 
broad elongate plates, with anterior margins united. 
Astragalus without ascending process; five digits in 
manus and pes. Known forms European. 
Genera Zanclodon, ? Teratosaurus. 
(3) Family Amphisauride. Vertebre biconcave. Pubes 
rod-like ; five digits in manus and three in pes. 
Genera Amphisaurus (Megadactylus), ? Bathygnathus, 
? Clepsysaurus; and in Europe, Pal@osaurus, Thecodon- 
tosaurus. 
(4) Family Labrosauride. Anterior vertebre strongly 
opisthoccelian, and cavernous. Metatarsals much elon- 
gated. Pubes slender, with anterior margins united. 
Genus Ladrosaurus. 
Sub-Order C@&LURIA (hollow tail). 
(5) Family Celuride. Bones of skeleton pneumatic or 
hollow. Anterior cervical vertebrze opisthoccelian, re- 
mainder bi-concave. Metatarsals very long and slender. 
Genus Celurus. 
Sub-Order COMPSOGNATHA. 
(6) Family Compsoguathide, Anterior vertebree opistho- 
cceelian. Three functional digits in manus and pes, Ischia 
with long symphysis on median line. Only known speci- 
men European. 
Genus Compsoginathus. 
DINOSAURIA ? 
(5.) Order HALLOPODA (leaping foot).—Carnivorous ? 
Feet digitigrade, unguiculate; three digits in pes; 
metatarsals greatly elongated ; calcaneum much produced 
backward. Fore limbs very small. Vertebrae and limb 
bones hollow. Vertebra biconcave. 
Family Hallopodide. 
Genus Hallopus. 
The five orders defined above, which I had previously 
established for the reception of the American Jurassi- 
Dinosaurs, appear to be all natural groups, well marked 
in general from each other. The European Dinosaurs 
from deposits of corresponding age fall readily into the 
same divisions, and, in some cases, admirably supplement 
the series indicated by the American forms, The more 
important remains from other formations in this country 
and in Europe, so far as their characters have been made 
out, may likewise be referred with tolerable certainty to 
the same orders. 
The three orders of Herbivorous Dinosaurs, although 
widely different in their typical forms, show, as might be 
expected, indications of approximation in some of their 
aberrant genera. The Saurofoda, for example, with 
Atlantosaurus and Brontosaurus, of gigantic size, for 
their most characteristic members, have in JZorvosaurus a 
branch leading toward the Stegosawvia. The latter order, 
likewise, although its type genus is in many respects the 
most strongly marked division of the Dinosaurs, has its 
