Fan. 26, 1882] 
existence is evident. Avdchea cereus, which contains most alge, 
. probably far outnumbers all the other species of sea-anemones 
put together, and the Radiolarians which contain yellow cells 
are far more abundant than those which are destitute of them. 
So, too, the young gonophores of Velella, which bud off from 
the parent colony and start in life with a provision of Philozoon 
(far better than a yolk-sac) survive a fortnight or more ina 
small bottle—far longer than the other small pelagic animals. 
Such instances, which might easily be multiplied, show that the 
association is beneficial to the animals concerned. 
The nearest analogue to this remarkable partnership is to be 
found in the vegetable kingdom, where, as the researches of 
Schwendener, Bornet, and Stahl have shown, we have certain 
algze and fungi associating themselves into the colonies we are 
accustomed to call lichens, so that we may not unfairly call our 
agricultural Radiolarians and anemones amimal lichens, And 
if there be any parasitism in the matter, it is by no means of the 
alga upon the animal, but of the animal, like the fungus, upon 
the alga. Such an association is far more complex than that of 
the fungus and alga in the lichen, and indeed stands unique in 
physiology as the highest development, not of parasitism, 
but of the reciprocity between the animal and vegetable king- 
doms. Thus, then, the list of supposed chlorophyll-containing 
animals with which we started, breaks up into three categories : 
first, those which do not contain chlorophyll at all, but green 
pigments of unknown function (Bonellia, Ldotea, &c.) ; secondly, 
those vegetating by their own intrinsic chlorophyll (Coxvoluta, 
Hydra, Spongilla) ; thirdly, those vegetating by proxy, if one 
may so speak, rearing copious alge in their own tissues, and 
profiting in every way by the vital activities of these. 
PATRICK GEDDES 
SCIENTIFIC SERIALS 
Fournal of the Royal Microscopical Society for December, 1881, 
contains :—Diatoms from Peruvian guano, by Rev. L. G. Mills 
(plate xi.).—B. W. Richardson, on multiple staining and the 
usual summary of current researches relating to zoology and 
botany (principally Invertebrata and Cryptogamia). — Micro- 
scopy.—This part concludes volume i. ser. ii,, and is accom- 
panied by a very excellent index to the 980 pages, a list of authors, 
and full tables of contents, 
Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute for 
1880, vol. xiii, Wellington, April, 1881.—In this large volume 
of over 460 pages, in addition to a short account of the pro- 
ceedings of most of the scientific societies of New Zealand, the 
following memoirs are published zz extenso:—Astronomical : 
H. Skey, on periodic vertical oscillations in the Sun’s atmo- 
sphere, and their connection with the appearance and disappear- 
ance of of the solar spots.—M. Chapman, on the permanency of 
solar and stellar heat.—A. W. Bickerton, on the causes tending 
to alter the eccentricity of planetary orbits,;—On the origin of 
the solar systems.—On the origin of double stars——On a 
simple method of illustrating the motions of the earth.— 
On the probability of impact.—Zoological : Julius von Haast, 
on Balenoptera huttont, Gray,—On Harpagornis (3rd paper). 
—W. Arthur, on migratory salmon.—Dr. Hector, on a new 
fish.—F. E, Clark, on a new species of Trachypterus.— 
F. W. Hutton, contributions to New Zealand Malacology.—G. 
M. Thomson, New Zealand crustacea.—T. F. Cheeseman, new 
species of mollusca.—Prof. Liversidge, analysis of Moa egg- 
shell.—Capt. Broun, description of coleopterous larvae and 
pupe.—T. W. Kirk, notes on birds.—On crustacea.—P- Buller, 
on new diurnal moths.—W. L. Buller, a new lizard.—T. 
Jeffery Parker, a new species of Chirodota.—On the venous 
system of the skate.—Botanical: W. Colenso, on the vegetable 
food of the ancient New Zealanders.—On the ferns of Scinde 
Island (Napier).—On some new ferns of New Zealand,— 
On a new species of Metzgeria.—G. M. Thomson, on fertilisa- 
tion in New Zealand flowers.—On Jonatia nove-zealandia,— 
Dr. Berggren, on New Zealand plants. —T. F. Cheeseman, on 
the fertilisation of Thelymitra.—On a new Loranthus.—W. M. 
Marskell, New Zealand Desmids.—T. A. Mollet, on the structure 
of Hormosira billa dieri.—Dr. Petrie, flora of Stewart Island.— 
On a new Carex.—T. B. Armstrong, on the genus Corallo- 
spartium.—On new or rare New Zealand plants.—On the occur- 
rence of the Morel.—On a natural arrangement of the New 
Zealand ferns.—T. Kirk, some new plants.—Charles Knight, 
on a new Thysanothecium,—Chemical: W. Skey, on an allo- 
NATURE 
305 
tropic form of zinc and cobalt salts.—On a periodide and an 
iodo-carbonate of lead.—On the dimorphism of magnesia,— 
Geological: A. D, Dobson, on a dyke near Heathcote.—A. 
Hamilton, on the Foraminiferze of the tertiary beds at Petane.— 
A. M‘Kay, on the genus Rhynconella.—S. Percy Smith, on 
changes in coast line level in the north of the North Island.—T. 
A. Mollet, on an artesian well at Avonside.— This volume is 
illustrated with eighteen lithographic plates. 
Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Bd. 36, Part 2 (Noy. 
1881), contains :—Prof. Hubert Ludwig, on the history of the 
development of the skeleton in Ophiuroids (plates x. and xi.).— 
Dr. Julius Andrez, contribution to the anatomy and histology 
of Sipunculus nudus, L. (plates xii, and xili.).— Dr. F. Mayser, 
comparative anatomy studies on the brain of osseous fishes, with 
especial reference to the Cyprinoids (plates xiv. to xxiii.). 
Atti della R. Accademia dei Lincet, vol. vi., fasc. 1.—The 
reactions of biliary pigments, by S. Capranica.—Synthesis of 
naphtil-acrylic acid, by F. Luglii—Researches on the spider’s 
web, by L. Valente.—On the light of the comet, by L. Respighi. 
Atti della’ R, Accademia dei Lincei, vol. vi., fasc. 2.—On 
bilinear quaternary forms, by G. Battaglinii—On the origin of 
some linear differential equations, by S. Brioschi.—On the dis- 
charges of condensers, by Srs. Villari and Righi.—The endoptic 
perception of colour at the back of the eye, by C. Emery.—Con- 
tribution to the anatomy of leaves, by G. Briosi.—On dimethyl- 
naphthaline, by G, Giovanozzi.—Reports, &c. 
SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES 
LONDON : 
Royal Society, December 8, 1881.—*‘ On the Structure and 
development of Lepidosteus,” by F. M. Balfour, LL.D., F.R.S., 
and W. N. Parker. 
The first section of this paper is devoted to the general deve- 
lopment. In this section an account is given of the structure of 
the ripe ovum, of the segmentation, of the history of the 
germinal layers, of the first development of the principal organs, 
and of the external features of the embryo during embryonic and 
larval life. The more important points established in this 
section are— 
1. The ovum when laid is invested by a double covering 
formed of (a) a thick inner membrane, the outer zone of which 
is radially striated, and (4) an outer layer made up of highly 
refractive pyriform bodies, which are probably metamorphosed 
follicular epithelial cells. 
2, The segmentation is complete, though very unequal, the 
lower pole being very slightly divided up into segments, and its 
constituent parts fusing together again to form an unsegmented 
mass of yolk, like the yolk-mass of Teleostei. 
3. The epiblast is divided into an epidermic and nervous 
stratum, as in Teleostei. 
4. The walls of the brain, spinal cord, and optic vesicle are 
formed from a solid medullary keel, like that found in 
Teleostei. 
5. The lens, the auditory vesicle, and olfactory pit, are wholly 
developed from the nervous layer of the epidermis. 
6. The segmental or archinephrie duct is developed as in 
Teleostei, from a hollow ridge of the somatic mesoblast, which 
becomes constricted off, except in front, thus forming a duct 
with an anterior pore leading into the body cavity. 
The section on the general development is followed bya series 
of sections on the adult anatomy and development of various 
organs. 
The Brain.—The authors give a fuller description of the adult 
brain than has previously been given. The new features in this 
description are (1) that the parts identified by previous ana- 
tomists as the olfactory lobes are really parts of the cerebral 
hemispheres, the true olfactory lobes being small prominences 
at the base of the olfactory nerves; (2) that there is attached to 
the roof of the thalamencephalon a peculiar vesicle, which has 
not hitherto been noticed, but which is similar to the vesicle 
found by Wiedersheim on the roof of the thalamencephalon of 
Protopterus. They further show that the cerebrum is divided 
into a posterior portion, with an unpaired ventricle, and an 
anterior portion in which the ventricle is paired. They considex 
the presence of the portion of the cerebrum with an unpaired 
ventricle to be an indication that this part of the brain retains 
characters which are only found in the embryonic brain of other 
groups. They point to ths presence of lobi inferiores on the 
