greater at high temperatures than at low ones, because the 
corrosion itself produced heat. 
A considerable deficiency of deposited copper, sometimes 
amounting to 18 per cent., may re:ult by ordinary chemical cor- 
rosion through employing a hot solution, This fact is worthy 
of consideration in the electro deposition of copper for com- 
mercial purposes. 
The greatest obstacle to finding the electro-chemical equivalent 
of copper was the difficulty of determining how much the 
ordinary chemical corrosion was decreased at the anede or in- 
creased at the cathcde by the electric current, and the next 
greatest obstacle was the disintegration of the anode, and the 
dissolving of the powder by chemical action. Notwithstanding 
that the cathode is more corroded by purely chemical action than 
the anode, the gain of weight of the former is the least inaccu- 
rate, because of the unavoidable disintegration of the anode. 
Substantially the method does not admit of a great degree of 
accuracy, because the chemical corrosion of copper, even ina 
cold neutral solution of cupric sulphate, causes a loss of that 
metal, and prevents the true weight being obtained, The cor- 
rection cannot be accurately, but may be approximately, found, 
by using a comparison sheet of copper in the same liquid with- 
out a current. The corrosion of such a sheet is, however, 
somewhat less than that of the cathode. ‘The nearest approach 
to the true number appears to be obtained by using a cold 
neutral solution, small narrow horizontal electrodes, and rapid 
deposition without stirring, continued during only a short period 
of time, 
No signs were observed in any of the experiments of ordinary 
electric conduction unattended by electrolysis. 
The results of this research also afford information respecting 
the degree of accuracy of the methed of measuring by means of 
electrolysis of a solution of cupric sulphate, the amount of 
electric current consumed in electric lighting, and states the con- 
ditions under which the degree of inaccuracy of such a method 
of measurement is the least. It is a remarkable cireumstai ce 
that an electric current entering a copper cathode from a strong 
mixture of sulphuric acid and water, instead of protecting the 
copper, actually increases its chemical corrosion ; by what means 
it does this is now being investigated by the author. 
UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL 
INTELLIGENCE 
OxForD.—The examiners for the Durdett-Coutts Geological 
Scholarship have recommended for election Mr. G. A. Buck- 
master, B.A., of Magdalen College. Mr. R. Chalmers, b.A., 
of Oriel, also distinguished himself in the examination. The 
scholarship is tenable for two years. 
CamBrIDGE.—Notice has been given that one of the Cam- 
bridge local examinations will be held in September next, com- 
mencing on Monday, 4. This is, partly, for the convenience of 
students who desire to passa preliminary examination required by 
the General Medical Council previous to registration as medical 
students. Many students used to resort to the College of 
Surgeons for this purpose, but the College has ceased to hold 
such an examination, and it is at the instance of the Medical 
Council that. a local examination is to be held in September for 
the accommodation of the medical students. The examination 
is also intended to enable students who intend entering the Uni- 
versity in October to obtain, before going up to Cambridge, the 
certificates which will excuse them from the previous examina- 
tion of the University. They will find it a considerable advan- 
tage to do this, for, in addition to the time so gained, having 
gone through the required test of schcol education through the 
local examination in Sey tember, they will be able at the beginning 
of the October term to join the classes of the several professors 
(of natural science, medicine, and others) at the commencement 
of the several courses. Hitherto many passed the previous 
examination in December, and many at a later period. Now 
the arrangements are such that all have the opportunity, through 
the Oxford and Cambridge Schools Board Examination in June, 
or through the local examination in September, of obtaining 
certificates which will wholly, or partly, exempt them from the 
previous examination; and it is obvious that those who take 
the advantage of this opportunity will have the start of their 
fellows in the University race. The September examination 
will be held on September 4, in Cambridge and London, and 
other places in which there may be sufficient candidates, The 
requisite forms to be filled up and sent in before August I, may 
be obtained, with other information, for Cambridge, from Rey. — 
G. F. Browne, St. Katharine’s College ; and for London, from 
Mr. R. Se. I. Corbet, 10, Portman Street, London, W. a 
_PRor. HUMPHRY announces that Mr. Donald McAlister will 
give a course of lectures on the Mechanics of the Human Skele- 
ton in the Easter Term, beginning on Wednesday, April 26. ‘ 
THE Cambridge University Natural Science Club celebrated 
the tenth anniversary of their foundation by holding a dinner in — 
the hall of Downing College (kindly granted for the occasion) on 
March 11, Dr, Michael Foster, Sec.R.S., occunied the chair, 
and there was a large gathering of old and present members and 
their friends, It is worthy of note that seven Professorial chairs 
in science and ten Fellowships, besides other dignities, are at — 
present occupied by former members of the Club in the short 
tire that has existed since its foundation. 
VicToRIA UNIVERSITY.—The Council have appointed the 
following as external examiners of the University :—Jn Classics, 
the Rev. R. Burn, 'M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cam- 
bridge; In English Language and Literature, Mr. T. C. Snow, 
M.A., Fellow of St. John’s College, Oxford; in French, M. E, 
Joél, Mason College, Birmingham ; in German, Prof. C. A. 
Buchheim ; in Philosophy, Mr. James Sully, M.A. ; in Political 
Economy, Mr. W. H. Brewer, M.A.; in Mathematics, Mr, 
John Hopkinson, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. ; in Engineering, Mr. 
John Hopkinson, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. ; in Physies, Prof. A. 
W. Rucker, M.A. ; in Chemistry, Prof. H. E. Armstrong, 
F.R.S.; in Physiology, Mr. J. Langley, M.A., Fellow of 
Trinity College, Cambridge; in Zoology, Mr. Patrick Geddes, 
Demonstrator in Botany in the University of Edinburgh; in 
Botany, Mr. S. H. Vines, M.A., D.Sc., Fellow of Christ’s Col- 
lege, Cambridge; in Geology and Paleontology, Prof. T. _ 
Rupert Jones, F.R.S. 
* 
a 
SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES 
LONDON 
Zoological Society, February 12.—Prof, W. Flower, LL.D., 
F.R.S., president, in the chair.—Mr. F. Moore read a parer con- 
taining an account of the I epidoptera collected by the Rev.]. H. 
Hocking, chiefly in the Kangra district, North-west Himelaya, 
with descriptions of new genera and species. —A communication 
was read from Mr. G. A. Boulenger, C.M.Z.S., in which he 
gave the description of a Frog (Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis) 
lately living in the Society’s Gardens. This Frog had heen ob- 
tained at Pernambuco, and was believed to be the first example 
of the species that had reached Europe alive. Attention was 
drawn to the peculiar coloration, as being worthy of notice, it 
not having been described before.—Mr. Ol*field ‘Thomas read a 
paper containing the descriptions of a small collection of Rodents 
which had been obtained by the late Mr. B. J. Andersson in 
Damara Land and in the neighbouring countries. The collec- : 
tion contained examples of a new species of Mouse, which was 
proposed to be named Mus nigricauda.—Mr. W. A. Forbes 
gave a description of the pterylosis of A/esifes, and made some 
remarks on the position of that genus, which he considered to be 
most nearly allied to Rhinochetus and Eurypyga, though all 
these three forms should be referred to different families. —Prof. 
St. George Mivart read a series of notes on the anatomy of the 
Canada Porcupine (Zrithizon dorsatus). 
Chemical Society, March 2.—Prof. Roscoe, president, in 
the chair.—The following papers were read :—On the action of 
aldehydes on yhenanthraquinone in presence of ammonia (third 
notice), by F. R. Japp and F. W. Streatfeild. With aldehydes 
of the benzene series and furfuraldehyde, compounds belonging 
to the class of substances obtained by Ladenburg (Ber. ix. 1524) 
were obtained ; with hydroxyaldehydes of the benzene series, 
compounds of the character of the anhydrobases described by 
Hiibner were formed ; with the methyl ether of salicylaldehyde 
a mixture of both the above bodies is obtained. ‘Ihe authors 
conclude that the above reactions are most readily accounted for 
on the assumption that phenanthraquinone has the peroxide con- 
stitution ascribed to it by Graebe.—Application of the aldehyde 
and ammonia reaction in determining the constitution of 
quinones, by F. R. Japp and F. W. Streatfeild. The authors 
state that the occurrence of this reaction and the formation of 
compounds resembling those above described, may be taken as a 
proof of the ortho position in quinones.—On the solubility of 
glass in certain reagents, by R. Cowper. The author has deter- 
mined the quantity of matter dissolved out of glass by ammonium 
aS =: See 
