27, 1873] 
Lower Laugerie, the Gorge d’Enfer, then, on the left 
a that of Cromagnon, very near the Eyzies (see the 
map). 
Some are really habitable caves, others are simply 
shelters under the rocks, with large openings towards the 
valleys. But these distinctions have no chronological im- 
portance. It is not by the nature of the habitations, but 
by the nature of the dedris they contain that we can esti- | 
mate their relative antiquity. The stations at Moustier 
are evidently the oldest, that of Cromagnon is less | 
ancient, but evidently belongs, like the preceding, to the | 
intermediate age. Upper Laugerie, the Gorge d’Enfer, | 
belong to the Reindeer Age ; and finally Lower Laugerie, 
the Eyzies, the Madelaine, form a last group, and bring 
us to the end of the quaternary epoch. 
The Moustier Troglodytes were quite uncivilised. 
They did not know how to fashion bones and horns ; they 
only understood working in stone. Carved flints abound 
in their stations, but, with the exception of an arrow- 
point, rather carefully cut, all these flints are of very 
rough workmanship. The distinguishing weapon of the 
Moustier Troglodytes, that which characterises this sta- 
tion and epoch, is the lance or spear-point which we have 
already described (see above, Figs. 3, 4, and 5). 
This powerful flint, with an arched point, sharp at both 
edges, wide enough to make large wounds, thin enough 
to penetrate easily into the flesh, constituted a much more 
terrible weapon than the hatchet of Saint Acheul. Fas. 
tened to the end of a spear, it could put to death the most 
gigantic mammalia. Vestiges of the manmoth, of the 
huge cave lion, and of the cave hyena have been picked 
up at Moustier. But the principal human food at that 
time was first the horse, then the aurochs; the reindeer 
came third. The weapons of the chase were more suited 
to attack the enemy that resisted than the game that fled. 
They neglected those lighter shafts that bring down birds 
and smaller quadrupeds. Fishing was also neglected 
Feb. 
were less massive, more numerous, more varied, and, 
above all, better finished. They had not the Moustier 
point, but they had a kind of flint poignard. They wore 
-shell ornaments, and their numerous scrapers seem to in- 
dicate that they prepared skins for clothing. Their prin- 
cipal food was still the horse, but they had a great variety. 
We find in the deéér7s of their repasts, besides the rein- | 
deer, which was beginning to be plentiful, bones and teeth | 
of aurochs, wild boar, stag, wild goat, wolf, fox, spermo- | 
pile, hare, and even of a bird belonging to the Crane 
NATURE 
377 
and probably not known. There is not a single fish-bone 
or bird-bone in the Moustier stations. 
Fic. 9. Fic, 19. Fic, rr. 
Fig. 11.—Point in deer horn, without barbs (Gorge d’Enfer). Fig. 9.— 
Arrow with bilateral barbs. Fig. 1o.—Harpoon with unilateral barbs. 
The men of Cromagnon, less ancient than those of 
Moustier, had considerably advanced, Their implements 
Fic. 12.—The Mammoth, carved on ivory. (Engraving from the Madelaine. 
genera, They consequently hunted small game as well 
as large animals; but they were still ignorant of fishiaz, 
Among these remains of animals we still find the mam- 
moth and the great cave lion; likewise a large bear, 
which might well be the Ursus Speleus. We must like- 
wise remember that the reindeer had not begun to mul- 
tiply rapidly, that it was less plentiful than the horse; 
we are therefore still in the intermediate age. But, on 
arriving at the following stations, we enter definitely the 
Reindeer Age ; henceforward the vestiges of this animal 
