428 
elongated. The alveolar process of the old man is 
oblique, but the upper part of the face is vertical, and the 
facial angle is very open. The forehead is wide, by no 
means receding, but describing a fine curve ; the ampli- 
tude of the frontal tuberosities denotes a large develop- 
ment of the anterior cerebral lobes, which are the seat of 
the most noble intellectual faculties. If the Cromagnon 
Troglodytes are still savages, it is because their surround- 
ing conditions have not permitted them to emerge from 
barbarism; but they are not doomed to a perpetual 
savage state. The development and conformation of their 
brain testify to their capability for improvement. When 
the favourable opportunity arrives, they will be able to 
progress towards civilisation. These rough hunters of 
the mammoth, the lion, and the bear, are just what ought 
to be the ancestors of the artists of the Madelaine. 
I have just glanced over the principal facts in the 
history of the Troglodytes of the Véztre. For want of 
time, I have been obliged to shorten several and omit a 
number more. I hope, nevertheless, that you have been 
able to follow with me from Moustier to Cromagnon, from 
Cromagnon to Upper Laugerie and Gorge d’Enfer, and 
from thence finally to the three stations of the Eyzies, 
Lower Laugerie, and the Madelaine; the progressive evo- 
lution of an intelligent race, wi.ich advanced step by step, 
from the most savage state to the very threshold of civili- 
sation. The Troglodytes of the latest epoch had, so to 
speak, but one step to take in order to found a real civili- 
sation, for their society was organised, and they possessed 
arts and industry, which are the two great levers of 
progress. 
This people have, nevertheless, disappeared, without 
leaving a single trace in the traditions of man. They did 
not die off by degrees, after having passed through a 
period of decadence. No, they perished without transition, 
rapidly, perhaps suddenly. and with them the torch of the 
arts was suddenly extinguished. Then began a dark 
period, a sort of middle ages, the duration of which is 
unknown. The chain of time becomes broken, and when 
we seize it again, we find, in the place of the reindeer 
hunters, a new society, a new industry, a new race. They 
are beginning to understand agriculture, they have some 
domestic animals, they are raising megalithic monuments, 
they have hatchets of polished flint. It is the dawn of a 
new day; but they have lost every remembrance of the 
arts. Sculpture, drawing, ornamentation, have alike dis- 
appeared, and we must descend to the later period of 
polished stone to find, here and there, on the slabs of 
some very rare monuments, a few ornamental lines which 
have absolutely nothing in common with the remarkable 
productions of art among the Troglodytes, The extinction 
of the Troglodytes was so complete and so sudden that it 
has given rise to the hypothesis of an inundation ; but 
against this geology protests, and, to explain the pheno- 
menon, we need only refer to the influence of man him- 
se'f. Our peaceable reindeer-hunters, with their gentle 
manners, their light weapons, which were not adapted for 
fighting, were not calculated to resist the invasion of 
barbarians, and their growing civilisation succumbed at 
the first shock, when powerful conquerors, better armed 
for war, and al eady provided perhaps with the polished 
hatchet, came to invade their valleys. It was then seen, 
as it has often since been proved, that might conquers 
right. 
PROF, FLOWERS HUNTERIAN LECTURES 
LEcTuRES XVI, XVII. XVIII. 
A RTIODACTYLATA. The peculiarities of the 
skeleton in these animals have been already pointed 
out ; it may be added as a constant special character, 
that the lower end of the fibula articulates with the cal- 
caneum as well as with the astragalus ; the premolars are 
NATURE 
[April 3, 1853 
also simpler than the molars, and there is an extra lobe — 
to the last milk molar. The number of existing species 
is very great ; they tend to divaricate in two directions, — 
one culminating in the Pigs, and the other in the Cavi- 
corn Ruminants, The Hippopotamus and Chevrotain at 
first sight do not look much alike, *but the links between 
the two are very complete. The existing species are the 
most differentiated members of the order. Of the Suzna, 
the Pigs are very exceptional among existing mammalia 
in retaining the typical number of forty-four teeth, 
Gymunura, an insectivorous animal, alone resembling them 
in this point ; however there are spaces between some of 
them, so they do not form a regular series. The upper 
canines are very peculiar in being directed upwards 
instead of downwards, and in the Babirussa, where they 
pierce the upper lip, this is carried to an extreme. The 
molars are tuberculated, the tubercles being four in 
number in the Peccary, but much more numerous, espe- 
cially in the last molars of Ss, where the extra ones 
represent the third lobe of the same teeth in the Rumi- 
nants. In a fossil pig from Pikermé the canines were 
similarly developed in both sexes, so the sexual differen- 
tiation must have been of later origin. In the Wart-hogs 
the incisors are rudimentary, and la‘e in life the only 
molars persisting are the enormous columnar last molars ; 
the great size of the canines is well known. 
In the true Rvminantia there are no upper incisors, 
and the canines are but rarely developed. In the lower 
jaw there are eight teeth in a row along the front of the 
mouth, the two lateral can be proved to be canines, because 
in older types they are found of a different shape from the 
six true incisors. The anterior premolar is never developed. 
Kowalevsky has recently given the names Bunodont and 
Selenodont to thenon-ruminating and ruminating members 
of this class, on account of ‘the differences exhibited by 
their molar teeth, those jn the latter presenting the ridges 
as a double crescent instead of in tubercles. The temporal 
bone and its surroundings give excellent characters whereby 
to separate these sub-Classes ; the shape of the glenoid 
cayity and the direction of the external auditory meatus 
differing considerably in them. There is also no lateral 
no{ch in the palate of the pigs like those in the Ruminants. 
The Cervidee and Cavicorn Ruminants also have the 
odontoid process of the axis peculiarly spout-shaped, 
whilst in the pigs it forms a simple peg, much as in man. 
It does not seem to have been remarked before that in 
this respect the TZyagudide differ from the typical 
Ruminants, and resemble the pigs, the odontoid in them 
being a peg. With regard to the feet of Sms, Dr. 
Kowalevsky has made some importantobservations, having 
shown that the approximated sides of the two median 
metacarpals, which are the largest, send in towards one 
another processes which interlock, and that the shape of 
their distal articular surfaces causes them to be pressed 
together when the foot is to the ground. In the pigs the 
fibula is separate and complete, but in the Ruminants it 
is represented only by a small piece of bone outside the 
ankle ; a rudiment is sometimes present above. That 
the deer approach the original type more than do the 
antelopes is evident from the facts that the upper canines 
are sometimes present, the crowns of the molars are — 
shorter, and the lateral toes are present, beimg best deve- © 
loped on the fore-limb. The 7vagudid@ are less differen- 
tiared in having the anterior mctacarpals free and the 
fibula entire, though slender ; the canines are wel: deve- 
Joped in the male at least, and the glenoid cavity is as 
like that of the pig as of the deer. Lcoty/es approaches 
the ruminants from the other side, the metatarsals uniting 
to form a canon bone, and the fovt alvogether closely re- 
sembiing that of Hyomoschus, though an outer toe is lost 
in the former. The camels are developed in a ditferent 
direction, approaching the more generalised type. : 
Artiodactylates appear first in the middle Eocene, and 
therefore do not go so far back as the Perissodactylata. 
