48 
fore I doubt not your Worship will make a distinction 
between workmen & workmen, with which I recommen«t 
me into your Worship’ favour ailways remaining 
Your Worship most humble Servant, 
J. A. BRANDSHAGEN 
Bickerton, Sept. y° 24th, 1697 
For the Right Honourable S* Phillipp Egerton, Knt., these. 
Rules for all Workmen in general 
One of every Workmen he may be of what sort he will 
shall come half an hour before y* duely time & give a 
certain number of strucks with a hammer on an Iron 
plate, erected to this purpose, to give a Signe to y* other 
workmen to come att work, half an hour after he shall doe 
so att a second time by an other number of strucks & 
shall streike no more then y* duely strucks by forfeiting 
2d., he has y* same signes to give all day when y* miners 
shall come out & goe under ground again, & this shall 
doe one workmen after an other from day to day, & he 
who has done y* businesse this day shall remember to 
his follower that he has to doe y® same next day, & he 
that wilfully neglected these remembrance shall be 
punished together with him that shall doe this businesse 
next day (if he neglect it) for he himself must be carefull 
about y° time & day to doe this, & he that shall give y* 
signs too late, has forfeited 6¢., & he that shall not doe 
it att all shall loose all his wages, due to him, & by 
consent of y° mines Lords shall be turned of from y¢ 
work, 
In y® morning before y* last struck is done on y* Iron 
plate every workman belonging to y® mines must appeare 
to y° appointed place near y° work, or he has forfeited 27¢., 
& he that comes half-an-hour after, 2d. more, & so follow- 
ing for every half-an-hour 2d., & this is understood of all 
times when y° signe is given. 
When they are together they may doe a short prayer 
that God may give his blessing to their work, that it may 
raise to y° honour & glory of him, & to y* benefit & 
blessinesse of y* mines Lords & their whole familie. 
After this every one must goe to his post, & diligently 
performe to what y° steward shall order him, in doing y* 
contrary he shall be duely punished, & he who shall leave 
y® work within y® duely hours & before y* signe is given, 
shall loose 6d. or for every half-an-hour 2d. as y° steward 
shall think fitt, & he that is found neglectfull shall every 
time have forieited 2d. 
When it is pay-day, every workmen before he gett 
money must shew to y° steward his tools & other things 
what is trusted in his hand by y® lost of all his wages, 
& if there should want any of such things, he must leave 
so much money of his wages as it is worthy in y® stewards 
hand, till he restores y° same. 
He that hindered one an other in his work it may be in 
what way it will, either by ill words, quarreling or in other 
ways, must duely be punished as y® steward thinks fitt, 
because every one must be quiet with his work ; have they 
any thing one against ar _ er, they may bring it before y* 
steward, or cleare their wings after y® work is done att 
an other place. 
No body shall be permitted without leave of y* steward 
to take any oare away for a shewing piece, or under any 
other pretext, butt he may y* same aske from y* steward 
& be content with that he gives him, and if any should 
doe y® contrary, he is so heigh to punish as y° steward 
shall think sufficient. 
No body shall bring any person or persons not belong- 
ing to y* mines, either under ground or at any other place 
where y° oares or other things are, without permission of 
y® steward, & that by y* penalty of one shilling. 
Every man must be in a Christian-like beheaviour, and 
he that speekes blasphemes, or gives scandales, or does 
other things near y* mines with which God is offended, 
shall every time be punished with 4d, or more according 
to his crime, | 
NATURE 
| May 15, 1873 | 
When it is pay-day every one must be of a modest be- 
haviour against ye steward, and must not murmer against 
him when his wages is decurted for punishement, butt 
must bring his complaints (if he has any against it) before 
y® mines Lord, if neverthelesse that he has gotten his 
wages, he must not goe from y° steward away, till y° whole 
payment is done, & can give witnesse that every one has 
received his due. 
No workmen shall make more holy days in y® year be- 
sides y* Sunday, then y® Lords of y® mines shall allow 
them, or shall be punished as one that leaves y* work for 
a whole day. 
He that turned 
y® hour glasse in a wrong way shall 
loose one shilling. ; 
SUPPRESSION OF SCENT IN PITEASANTS* 
eS pheasant, from nesting on the ground, is pecu- 
“| liarly exposed to the attacks of four-footed or 
ground vermin, and the escape of any of the sitting birds 
and their eggs from foxes, polecats, hedgehogs, &c., ap- 
pears at first sight almost impossible. This escape is 
attributed by many, possibly by the majority, of sports- 
men to the alleged fact that in the birds when sitting the 
scent which is given out by the animal at other times is 
suppressed ; in proof of this statement is adduced the 
fact that dogs, even those with the keenest powers of 
smell, will pass within a few feet, or even a less distance, 
of a sitting pheasant without evincing the slightest cogni- 
zance of her proximity, provided she is concealed from 
sight. By others this circumstance is denied, they reason 
@ prior’ that it is impossible for an animal to suppress 
the secretions and exhalations natural to it—secretion 
not being a voluntary act. I believe, however, that the 
peculiar specific odour of the bird is suppressed during 
incubation, not, however, as a voluntary act, but in a 
manner which is capable of being accounted for physio- 
logically. The suppression of the scent during incuba- 
tion is necessary to the safety of the birds, and essential 
to the continuance of the species. I believe this suppres- 
sion is due to what may be termed vicarious secretion. 
In other words, the odoriferous particles which are usually 
exhaled by the skin are, during such time as the bird is 
sitting, excreted into the intestinal canal, most probably 
into the caecum or the cloaca. The proof of this is acces- 
sible to every one; the excreta of a common fowl or 
pheasant, when the bird is not sitting, have, when first 
discharged, no odour akin to the smell of the bird itself. 
On the other hand, the excreta of a sitting hen have a 
most remarkable odour of the fowl, but highly intensified. 
We are all acquainted with this smell as increased by 
heat during roasting ; and practical poultry keepers must 
have remarked that the excreta discharged by a hen on 
leaving the nest have an odour totally unlike those dis- 
charged at any other time, involuntarily recalling the 
smell of aroasted fowl, highly and disagreeably intensi- 
fied. I believe the explanation of the whole matter to be 
as follows : the suppression of the natural scent is essen- 
tial to the safety of the bird during incubation ; that at 
such time vicarious secretion of the odoriferous particles 
takes place into the intestinal canal, so that the bird 
becomes scentless, and in this manner her safety and that 
of her eggs is secured. This explanation would probably 
apply equally to partridges and other birds nesting on 
the ground, : 
The absence of scent in the sitting pheasant is most 
probably the explanation of the fact that foxes and phea- 
sants are capable of being reared in the same preserves ; 
at the same time the keepers are usually desirous of 
making assurance doubly sure, by scaring the foxes from 
the neighbourhood of the nests by some strong dnd 
offensive substance. 
* From Mr. Tegetmeier’s forthcoming work on ‘‘ Pheasants for the Covert 
and the Aviary.” 
