158 
NATURE 
‘. 
# 
4 
« 
[Sune 26, 1873 
large part has been derived from the application of the 
abstract truths of physical science to the requirements of 
ordinary life, and that therefore the needs of physical 
science would be properly provided for out of it. 
As to the College Endowments, whichever way we look 
at them, either as private bequests, as they are at length 
ceasing to be regarded, or as public funds, the conclusion 
is the same: their proper destination is the support of 
learning and Science. 
If we look upon them as private bequests, and interpret 
the wills of founders and benefactors on the usual ¢7-prés 
principle, we should be right in devoting to investigation 
of facts at first hand the funds which were left by the far- 
seeing men of the time of the revival of letters for the 
support of book-learning, which at that time occupied the 
place of modern Science. That theyso regarded the aim 
of these bequests is shown, amongst other things, very re- 
markably by the universal annexation to the enjoyment of 
them of the condition of residence within the Universities. 
When the whole, or the major part, of the materials of 
investigation was enshrined in libraries, to insist that a 
man should remain where libraries were was to insist that 
he should remain in his workshop. 
If on the other hand we are to regard these en- 
dowments as public funds, as is now generally 
agreed, is it right that such public funds should be 
consumed either in educating those who are practically 
as well able to pay for their own education as those 
who now receive a similar one at, say London Uni- 
versity, an institution which is not aided by the State ; or 
in supplying a life-maintenance to a considerable body of 
able young men, in return for passing a good examination 
at the outset of life? 
It is well known that the ordinary Fellow of a college 
does not dream for a moment that he has any duties 
towards knowledge or Science. He regards the public 
money which he enjoys as a portion in a frechold estate, 
to enable him to tide over the uncertain years which come 
at the commencement of the ordinary professional career, 
the brilliant rewards of which we have shown to be the 
great cause of the decline of Science in this country, be- 
cause they enable the practical life to outbid in attractive- 
ness the laborious but most necessary pursuit of truth. 
CHAUVEAU’S ANATOMY OF DOMESTI- 
CATED ANIMALS 
The Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals. 
By A. Chauveau. Translated and edited by G. Flem- 
ming, Vet.-Surg. R.E. (J. and A. Churchill.) 
Ee* a long time there has been a great want felt by 
veterinary surgeons of a first-class work on the 
anatomy of the horse and other domestic animals, to be 
to them as valuable and trustworthy a book of reference as 
Quain and Sharpey’s Anatomy is to the student of human 
anatomy, This feeling has induced Mr. Flemming to 
undertake the very arduous and considerable task of 
translating from the French the generally esteemed 
“Tryaité d’Anatomie Comparée des animaux domes- 
tiques” of M. Chauveau. The high position held by the 
Veterinary School of Lyons, and the great scientific repu- 
tation of its Professor, are sufficient guarantee for the 
excellence and accuracy of the original work before us, 
‘so that it will be unnecessary to enter into a detailed - 
criticism of it: it will therefore be our chief duty to 
consider the manner in which the translation has been 
performed. 
There are, however, one or two points to which we 
should like to draw attention in the work itself. First 
respecting the nomenclature of the lobes of the liver in 
the horse, Prof. Chauveau, as do most of the authors on 
the same subject, incorrectly calls the Caudate lobe the 
Spigelian. This error was clearly pointed out by Prof. 
Flower in his Hunterian Lectures last year, when he con- 
clusively proved that the free, ear-shaped lobe, which is 
situated to the right of the vena porte in the horse, 
rhinoceros and tapir, is the caudate and not the spigelian 
lobe. This last is represented by a long attached trans- 
verse ridge of hepatic tissue, situated further to the left. 
Again, it is not clear why the protometra is said to be 
incorrectly termed the wterus mascululinus, for it is 
certainly not a gland in the ordinary sense of the word, 
and is as certainly the rudiment of the duct which deve- 
lopes into the uterus in the female. In the paragraph on 
the small horny plates, called ‘‘ chesnuts,” found on the 
lower third of the inner face of the forearm and at the 
upper extremity of the inner face of the metatarsal bone 
of the horse, the author remarks that “In solipeds, the 
chesnut is the representative of the thumb.” That such 
is the case is, to say the least, extremely doubtt ul 
particularly in any member of the class Ungulata ; ant 
from the fact that in the rhinoceros and tapir the second 
digit is perfectly developed, these epidermic appendages 
would be most probably larger in them than in Horse, 
if they represented the pollex and hallux ; however they 
are altogether absent. That these horny plates in the 
fore-limb are situated above the carpus, is likewise not in 
harmony with their representing the thumbs. 
Respecting the translation, which considering the size 
of the volume, must have been a very serious under- 
taking, the reader will, in the majority of cases, learn as 
correctly and as easily as from the original French, A 
perusal of several portions of the work seems to indicate 
that the translation has been performed by more than a 
single hand, for in some portions it is not so good 
as in others, and different words are employed to ex- 
press the same one in the original. If there is any 
fault to find, it is one which may be considered by some 
to be rather an advantage than not, namely, that the ren- 
dering is too literal. A verbatim translation is in some 
cases not capable of giving the full force of the author’s 
meaning in scientific as well as in other subjects, each 
language having an idiomatic phraseology of its own, 
For instance, the middle of the diaphragm may be cor- 
rectly termed in French “le centre phrénique,” but it is 
more than perplexing to comprehend at first sight what 
is meant by “the phrenic centre.” The cavities of the 
heart (/es poches) are not called “ pouches” by English 
anatomists, and the colon is succulated (dossedé), not 
“bosselated ;” this latter word is not to be found in 
some, perhaps not in any standard dictionaries. The 
stylo-glossus muscle does not “respond” (2/ repond) but 
corresponds ‘‘with the mylo-hyoid outwardly and the 
genio-glossus inwardly.” The large colon of the horse is 
said to be fixed by adherence to the “cross of the 
caecum ;” we do net know what the cross of the caecum is, | 
eee eee 
a 
