460 
elongated ; hair very dark. Individuals having these characters 
occur in the lower grounds of Yorkshire, as in the valley of the 
Aire below Leeds, in the vale of the Derwent, and the level 
regions south of York.” 
I have chosen to quote from Professor Phillips rather than to 
give descriptions of my own, both because his acquaintance with 
the facts is more extensive than mine, and because I desire to pay 
my small tribute to the genius and insight of the author of a 
work so unique and so admirable as his upon Yorkshire, 
He ascribes the first and second of these types mainly to a 
Scandinavian, the last toa Romano-British, or possible Iberian 
origin ; and appears to think that the first, the tall, fair, long- 
faced breed, resembles the Swedes, and that the second, the 
brown burly breed of the West Riding, is more Norwegian in 
character. He probably selects the Swedes as the purest’ or 
most typical of the Scandinavian nations. For my own part, I 
am disposed to treat the first as Norwegian more than Anglian, 
the second as Anglian rather than Norse, and Norse rather than 
British. The tall fair type engrosses most of the beauty of the 
north, having often an oval face, with a fine straight profile 
nearly approaching the Greek, as Knox and Barnard Davis, 
two close observers, have both remarked. And it is 
markworthy that it reappears in force almost everywhere 
in Britain where Norse blood abounds, eg. in Shetland, 
Orkney, Caithness, in the upper class of the Hebrideans, 
in Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Lonsdale, about *Lin- 
coln (where Professor Phillips also noted it) and the Vale of 
Trent, and about the towns of Waterford and Wexford. The 
second type, on the other hand, much resembles a prevailing 
form in Staffordshire, a very Anglian county. A notable point 
about it is the frequency of eyes of a neutral, undecided tint, 
between light and dark, green, brown, and grey, the hair being 
comparatively light. The third is of more doubtful and of more 
manifold origin. Iberian, Britokeltic, Roman, Breton, French- 
man, may all, or any of them, have contributed to its prevalence. 
I am inclined to think, though on rather slender grounds, that it is 
common in some of the districts depopulated by the Conqueror. 
Professor Phillips speaks of its smaller proportions, but it in- 
cludes many robust men. It is probably far from well repre- 
senting the Brigantian type, which seems to me to have influenced 
the other types, but rarely to crop out all purely. 
The breadth of the head is, on the average, somewhat greater 
in Yorkshire than in other parts of Britain ; so we are informed 
by the hatters. In this the natives of Yorkshire agree with those 
of Denmark and Norway, who haye rather broader heads than 
those of Sweden and of Friesland, ; 
I have already spoken of the colours of the eyes and hair. 
The latter is, on the whole, lighter in Yorkshire than in most 
parts of England ; but dull rather than bright shades prevail. In 
the east, at Whitby, Bridlington, and Beverley, in Teesdale and 
Middle Airedale, light hair is particularly abundant ; in Craven, 
as might have been expected, it is less so. Other parts of the 
county are not so well known to me, and in this matter I have 
to trust to my own observations, 
As to the stature and bulk of the people, however, I have 
much and accurate information, through the kindness of nume- 
rous observers, some of them of repute as naturalists. These 
are Mr, Atkinson of Danby, Mr. Tudor of Kirkdale, Dr. Wright 
of Melton, Dr. Christy of the North Riding Asylum, Drs. Kel- 
burne King and Casson of Hull, Mr. Ellerton of Middlesborough, 
Mr. Wood of Richmond, Mr. Kaye of Bentham, Mr. Edy of 
Grassington, Dr. Paley of Ripon, Dr. Ingham of Haworth, 
Messrs, Armitage of Farnley, Dr. Wood of Kirkby Overblow, 
Dr. Aveling and Mr, Short of Sheffield, Mr. Miller, late of 
Wakefield Prison, and a clergyman on the Wolds, whom the 
prejudices or fears of his parishioners will not allow me to name. 
“A Yorkshireman,” complained this last gentleman, ‘‘is a diffi- 
cult animal to catch and weigh and measure ;” but a very large 
number of them have been subjected to these processes by my 
obliging correspondents. The general result is that in the rural dis. 
tricts they are remarkably tall and stalwart, though not, except 
in parts of the west, so heavy as their apparent size wouid indi- 
cate—but that in the towns, and especially in Sheffield, they are 
-rapidly degenerating ; and I conclude from the Haworth report 
that the same is the case in the manufacturing villages. In 
many of the rural districts the average ranges between 5 ft. 8 in. 
and 5 ft. gin., and about Richmond and on the Bentham Fells 
is considerably higher : while at Sheffield and even at Haworth, 
it may hardly reach 5 feet 6 inches. The causes of this great 
NATURE 
~ 
degeneration are manifold : some of them may easily be traced; 
but either the will or the power to remedy the evil is wanting. 
_ Of the moral and intellectual endowments of Yorkshiremen, 
it may perhaps appear presumptuous or invidious to speak ; but 
the subject is too interesting to be passed by in silence, and 
I will endeavour to treat it without either ‘fextenuating, or 
setting down aught in malice.” In few parts of Britain does 
there exist a more clearly marked moral type. To that of the 
Trish it has hardly any affinity; but the Scotchman and the 
Southern Englishman alike recognise the differences which dis- 
tinguish the Yorkshire character from their own, but are not so 
apt to appreciate the numerous respective points of resemblance. 
The character is essentially Teutonic, including the shrewdness, 
the;truthfulness without candour, the perseverance, energy, and 
industry of the Scotch, but little of their frugality, or of the 
theological instinct common to the Welsh and Scotch, or of the 
imaginative genius, or the more brilliant qualities which some- 
times light up the Scottish character, 
The sound judgment, the spirit of fair-play, the love of 
comfort, order, and cleanliness, and the fondness for heavy 
feeding are shared with the Saxon Englishman; but some 
of them are still more strongly marked in the Yorkshireman, as 
is also the bluff independence—a very fine quality when it does 
not degenerate into selfish rudeness. The aptitude for music 
was remarked by Giraldus Cambrensis seven centuries ago ; and 
the taste for horseflesh seems to have descended from the 
old Norsemen, though it may have been fostered by local cir- 
cumstances. The mind like the body, is generally very vigorous 
and energetic, and extremely well adapted to commercial and 
industrial pursuits, as well as the cultivation of the exact 
sciences ; but a certain defect in imaginative power must, I think, 
be admitted, and is probably one reason, tho \,h obviously not 
the only one, why Yorkshire, until quite modern times, was 
generally behindhand in politics and religion, and why the 
number of her sons who, since Czedmon, have attained to 
i eminence in literature is not above the average of Eng- 
and. 
GG 
DIARY 
WEDNESDAY, Ocrtoser 1. 
Roya Microscoricat Society, at 8.—A description of some new species 
ae eee F. Kitton.—On an Organism found in fresh pond water ? 
rr. aadox, 
———— ee 
aaa eee 
CONTENTS 
AFRICAN TRAVEL. 
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR :— 
Tait and Tyndall. «) ss a0 0 s+ 4) wn 2 oe ee 
On the Males and Complemental Males of certain Cirripedes, and 
on Rudimentary Structures.—Cuarves Daxwin, F.R.S.. . . 431 
Reflection of the Rainbow.—Prof. J. Tynpatr, F-R.S. . . . . 432 
Original Research at the Universities. A. W. BEeNNgTT, F.L.S.. 433 
Endowment of Research.—T. Frercngr, F.C.S. . ..... 433 
FERTILISATION OF FLrowers. By Dr. HERMANN MUuLtErR (With 
Tihushpationsy - 56s eee ee) os =i o lp Ter at haRSE 
Tue Polaris Arctic EXPEDITION . . . . 2... « ‘sd at) ee 
NOTES 6 3 6 es 6s YF ies 6 6 se 
Movecutss. By Prof. Cterk-Maxwett, F.R.S. ......¢ 437 
Fuser. By Dr. Simmens, F-RS. . . .. . - 6% { 2h 
Coat Anp Coat Piants. By Prof. W. C. Wittiamson, F.RS.. . 446 
Tue Britisu Association MgeTING AT BRADFORD. . . . . . . 447 
Section A.—Opening Address by the President, P.of. H. J. S. 
Smire, PRB As we... Fs 448 
Report of Committee on Geometry. . .......6, 452 
Section B.—Sectional Proceedings. - . ....... + + 453 
Section D,—Sub-section]Zoology—Report of Committee on Zoo- 
logical Stations... =); <2) ps « = 2 2) 5) epee 454 
a Sub-section Anatomy and Physiology. Opening Ad- 
dress by President, Prof. RuTHERFoRD . . . ,. 455 
oy Sub-section Anthropology. Opening Address by Pre- 
sident, J. BEDpOE, F-R.S., .: 5, 1 0s aun 457 
RR se oe 5: 1's ce sg t+ 2 90) ae ohana 
| Sept. 25, 1873 4 
By Atrrep R. Wattace, F.L.S. .. 2. +. 429 
