~ 
= “ 
not allowing their children to be vaccinated, and then permitted 
to keep them unvaccinated, the children ought to be vaccinated 
_by the public vaccinator, even in spite of their parents, who 
_ should not be allowed to risk their children’s lives through their 
‘own obstinacy and ignorance; and not only their children’s 
lives, but those of the persons around them, The recent epidemic 
f small-pox showed us several important things—it showed us 
hat we knew before, that small-pox is far more fatal to un- 
ecinated than to vaccinated persons ; it showed us that while 
small-pox is especially fatal to unvaccinated children, it is less 
' fatal to vaccinated children than to other persons ; thus demon- 
strating the necessity of re-vaccination, and it showed us that 
re-vaccination once performed is actually a better protection 
against small-pox than a previous attack of small-pox is. You 
know that it is not common for a person to have small-pox 
twice. Well, it is much less common for a person to have 
small-pox after he has been successfully re-vaccinated, and if he 
has it is almost certain to be a very mild attack. Out of nearly 
15,000 cases of small-pox admitted into various London hospitals 
_ during the late epidemic, only four presented proof of having 
_ been re-vaccinated. 
___ Let us pass on to typhoid fever. Here is a disease of the very 
have only known in recent times, but yet a disease about which, 
thanks to the researches of men now among us, one of whom it 
_ especially becomes me, as his pupil to mention, Sir William 
__ Jenner, we really seem to know more than about almost any other 
disease ; a disease which we deliberately hunt down to its source, 
and stop just as we could stop the supply of stone from a quarry 
or of rifles from an armoury ; a disease, the haunts and habits of 
which we know with such accuracy that we are able to go into a 
house and say, ‘“‘ Alter this, and alter that, or you will very likely 
_ get typhoid fever here,” a disease the ways of which we know so 
well, that, when there has been a case of it caused by local 
_ defects in a house, we can almost predict what alterations are 
required without going to the place. Surely the results obtained 
from the study of this disease are some of the most striking 
results of sanitary progress in our day. I find that the idea has 
become widely spread that the recent epidemic of typhoid fever 
in London was due to the distribution of milk from a sewage 
farm ; this was not so, and I regard it most in the light of a 
special providence that none of the milk sent out from that 
establishment came from a sewage farm: had it been so, such a 
__ fact, combined with the prejudice and ignorance which exists upon 
_ the matter, would have dealt a severe blow to the progress of one 
of the greatest sanitary improvements of the day. The cause of 
by which the poison got into the dairy well haying been recently 
unearthed. 
I must allude, for an instant, to the recent sanitary legislation ; 
it has been found fault with by many on account of matters of 
detail ; but consider the fact that the result of it is that the 
country has spent a large sum of money in the employment of 
medical officers of health and sanitary inspectors, and that such 
men now exist, and you will see that in it we may find great cause 
for rejoicing when looking to the future of sanitary progress. In 
_ a lecture on the ‘‘ History of Hygiene,” which I delivered some 
three or four years ago at University College, London, I said, 
“From its very nature, hygiene interests all classes of society ; 
but it is to those who are worst off—the poorest and most 
wretched—that it must direct its first attention. Civilisation has 
its evils as well as its advantages, as Bouchardat has well re- 
marked ; and one of the greatest of them is the over-crowding 
of people in the great centres of population, with the misery and 
disease which are the results of it. It is to better constructed 
houses for the working classes, to a free supply of good water, 
and to satisfactory sewerage arrangements, that we must look for 
an amelioration in these respects ; and I would hasten to add, to 
a wider spread among those classes of such an education as 
shall lead them to appreciate the means used for the improvement 
of their condition, and to lend a helping hand for the furtherance 
of those means.” 
I feel that I cannot do better in conclusion than congratulate 
this town on having, through the munificence of one of its 
citizens, been the first to appreciate the importance of the educa- 
tion of the people in these subjects, and on having such an 
institution as this in which so much useful knowledge is imparted 
to the people, and congratulate myself on having the privilege of 
such an opportunity of spreading broadcast the great truths of 
y . . . . . - e | ‘ , A u , u 
Existence of which, as distinct from certain other diseases, we | Thalurania, which is exclusively tropical, and consists of eleven 
__ that epidemic is known with absolute certainty, the very channcl | 
forward to by Dr. Parkes when he wrote :—‘‘ Let us hope that 
matters of such great moment may not always be considered as 
of less importance than the ‘languages of extinct nations, or 
the unimportant facts of a dead history.” 
SCIENTIFIC SERIALS 
THE current /éis commences with the latter part of Mr. 
Brooke’s notes on the ornithology of Sardinia, special attention 
being drawn to O¢is tetrax, which is moderately common ; Fient- 
copterus roseus, which occurs in large flocks'during the winter and 
even up to June; the presence of P. evithacus is doubtful. 
Fulica nigrosa was not seen, though included in both Cara’s and 
Salvadori’s lists. In the museum there are several specimens 0 
Fhalacrocorax desmarestit, and P. carbo is extremely common. 
Larus andouini is found, though very rarely.—Captain F. W. 
Hutton, in a note on Radius modestus of New Zealand, gives 
evidence to show that Dr. Buller is in error when he considers 
R. modestus to be R. dieffenbachii, in an immature state of 
plumage, as the proportions of the chicks are different, and the 
bill of the latter more slender.—Messrs. Salvin and Elliot in 
continuation of their notes on the Zrochilid, discuss the genus 
species and five sections.—In notes on Chinese ornithology, 
Mr. R. Swinhoe draws special attention to Ceryle rudis at 
Ningpo, Gallinago solitaria, Endrominas veredus, and other 
land as well as water-birds found at Shanghai.—Mr. Sclater 
supplements Mr. Salvin’s list of the birds of Nicaragua, with 
additions from a recent small collection made by Mr. Belt, 
adding seventeen species, mostly well known through Central 
America.—Mr. E. L. Layard gives notes of the birds observed 
in Para ; and Mr. Sclater describes and figures two new species 
named by him Picolaftes layardi, and Thamnophilus simplex.— 
Captain J. H. Lloyd on the birds in the province of Kattiawar 
in West India, commences the detailed account with an inte- 
resting comment on the general ornithological description of the 
region. 
THE Monthly Microscopical Fournal for October, commences 
with a description, by Mr. F. H. Welch, of the thread-worm 
Filaria immitis, occasionally infesting the vascular system of the 
dog, with remarks on the same, relative to Haematozoa in 
general, and the Filaria in the human blood. The specimens 
described were obtained from the right ventricle and pulmonary 
artery of adog, from Shanghai, the male, female, and young 
being described. The left ventricle also contained some 
of the young.—Dr. Royston-Pigott fully illustrates a paper en- 
titled ‘‘ Researches in Solar Spectra, applied to test 
residuary aberration in microscopes and telescopes; and 
the construction of a compensating eye-piece, being a sequel to 
the paper on a searcher for aplanatic images.”—Dr. Rutherford 
describes a new freezing microtome in which the freezing box 
and escape tube are much larger than in his older instrument, 
and the indicator is improved.—Mr. Ch. Stodder, in a letter, 
points out that it is inaccurate to suppose that the nominal price 
of American objectives is directly comparable with that of 
English makers, as the value of money in the two countries is 
so different, and duty has to be paid on entering the former. 
Annali di Chimica applicata alla Medicina, July number, 1873. 
—We notice in this journal, besides a number of formulz for 
pharmaceutical preparations and other details interesting to the 
druggist, a paper by A. Gubler, on experiments with new and 
old opium alkaloids, which deals, amongst others, with apo- 
morphia.—There is also a translation of Mr, Simon’s memoran- 
dum on the diffusion of cholera, and other papers from native 
and foreign sources. In the Rendiconto delle sessioni dell? Acade- 
mia delle scienze dell’ Istituto di Bologna, 1872-1873,” are given 
briefly (in about 189 pages) abstracts of the papers read before 
the Society, together with other matter of the usual nature. 
Reale Istituto Lombardo di scienze e Lettre Rendiconti,\Fascicolo 
xiii.,” July 1873.—This number contains several critical lite- 
rary, historical, and philosophical papers, including one on 
Kant’s philosophy, by C. Cantoni.—In the scientific section 
there is a paper by Prof. Cavalleri on improvements in the 
helioscope, and a portion of a paper by P. Cantoni on elec- 
trical adherence, which is illustrated with several tables of data. 
—Fascicolo xiv. contains a paper on the capacity of the nasal 
fossa, by-P Mantegazza, and one on cholera by G. Strambio,— 
sanitary science, ‘The time is fast coming which was looked | C. Lombroso details some experiments on the tonic action of 
