The two subjects included under General Biology have 
-acommon first or Elementary stage. After passing this, 
‘the candidate may proceed at choice, either with the 
_ zoological or the botanical side, 
_ The following extract from the syllabus will show how 
this arrangement is intended to work, and will afford the 
best idea of the direction which the examination is likely 
0 give to elementary biological study. It does all that a 
_ written examination can do to encourage practical work, 
and discourage the prevalent habit of cramming from 
text-books :— 
Sugyects XVI. AND XVII.—GENERAL BIoLocy 
First Stage or Elementary Course 
Questions will be confined to the following subjects with which 
the candidate will be expected to show practical acquaintance. 
1. The form and size; the results of optical, chemical, and 
| mechanical analysis; the mode of growth and multiplication ; 
_ the conditions of life; and the results, direct and collateral, of 
the living activity of Zorula, Protococcus, Am@eba, Bacterium, 
_ and of the colourless corpus-ies of the blood of man. 
2. The structure and mole of growth of Penicillium ; its mode 
of multiplication ; the development of £yphe and mycelium from 
. conidia: the conditions and resuits of the living activity of this 
mould. 
3. The structure and mode of growth of Chara; the differ- 
entiation of axis and appendages, of nodes and internodes ; the 
structure and arrangement of the nucleated cells of which the 
_ body of this plant is composed. The process of cell-division and 
its laws ; protoplasmic movements ; Chlorophyll ; asexual propa- 
_ gation; sexual propagation. Development of the pro-embryo 
and of the embryo. 
4. Thestructure and mode of growth of a Fern. The differen- 
tiation of cells into tissues. Epidermis, parenchyma, fibres, 
ducts, spiral vessels. The Frond as a respiratory and ali- 
mentary organ; air-passages; stomata. Asexual multipli- 
cation. Sporangia and spores. Development of spores ; 
structure of the Prothallium. Structure and functions of Arche- 
gonia, Antheridia and Antherozoids. Development of the 
_ embryo. 
5. The anatomy and physiology of a flowering-plant, with 
especial reference to the morpholozy of the stem and root. 
_ Leaves and their modifications. The structure of pollen and 
ovule. The process of impregnation and the development of the 
embryo. The resemblances and differences between flowering- 
plants and ferns. 
E 6. The anatomy and physiology of the frog. The general 
_ disposition of the parts of the body, and the plan of structure 
_ characteristic of the frog as avertebratedanimal. The structural 
_ characters of the tissues of which the body is composed and 
their ultimate resolution into nucleated cells. 
4 The physiological properties of the tissues. 
__. The form and structure of the chief organs and the modes in 
_ which their functions are performed. . 
, The development of the embryo and the metamorphoses of the 
arva. 
7. The anatomy and physiology of the freshwater Polype. 
8. The anatomy and physiology of the Lobster or Cray-fish. 
g. The anatomy and physiology of the fresh-water Mussel. 
to. The anatomy and physiology of the Sea-anemone. 
Second Stage or Advanced Course of Subject XVI, 
(Division of Animal Morphology and Physiology.) 
Questions may be set in all the topics enumerated under the 
first head, and in addition on :— 
The leading facts relating to the anatomy and physiology of the 
skeleton, of the brain, and of the cerebral nerves ; of the organs 
of the higher senses ; of the alimentary, circulatory, respiratory, 
renal, and reproductive apparatus, in the Lamprey, in an osseous 
fish (Pike or Cod), bird (Pigeon, Fowl, or Duck), in a quadru- 
pedal mammal (Sheep, Rabbit, Dog, or Cat,) and in Man. 
2. The morphology of the vertebrate skull and limbs, as 
exemplified by the Vertebrata already mentioned, and by the 
Dogfish, Horse, Bat, and Porpoise. 
3- The general outlines and process of the development of 
the chick within the egg. 
4, The characters of the orders of the Vertebrata. 
5. The broad facts relating to the geographical and geological 
distribution of the Vertebrata. , 
. 
4 
7 
, 
3 
7) 
. 
b 
NATURE 
xf 
551 
6, The anatomy and physiology of insects, as illustrated by 
Blackbeetle, a Bee, a Butterfy, and an Aphis. 
ee oe anatomy and physiology of an Earthworm and of a 
ech. : 
8. The anatomy and physiology of a Fluke and of a Tape- 
worm, and the history of their development. 
9. The anatomy and physiology of the Rofijera and of the 
Polyzoa. 
10. The anatomy and physiology of a Sea-urchin (Echinus) 
and the history of its development. 
11, The anatomy and physiology of a Snail and of a Whelk, 
and of a Cuttlefish, Squid, or Octopus. 
12, The morphology of the Hydrozoa. 
13. The anatomy and physiology of the Zn/usoria. 
14. The anatomy and physiology of sponges, Foraminifera 
and Radiolaria. 
Honours. 
In this examination questions will be set at the discretion o 
the Examiner, who will have regard to the state of Zoologica 
teaching in the country and the means of acquiring information. 
Second Stage of Advanced Course of Subject X VIT. 
(Division of Vegetable Morphology and Physiology. 
Questions may be set in all the topics enumerated under the 
first head, and, in addition, on— 
1. The principal modifications in the minute anatomy of the 
axis in flowering plants. 
2. The nature of the parts used for support in climbing plants. 
3. The various modes of agamogenesis in flowering plants. 
4. The leading facis in the development of the parts of a 
flower, including that of the pollen, ovule embryo sac, endo- 
sperm (albumen), and embryo. 
5. The morpholozy and relations to one another of the parts 
of the flower and fruit throughout the classes Dicotyledons and 
Monocotyledons, more especially as exemplified in the following 
genera :— 
Ranunculus, Nymphzea, Capsella, Viola, Stellaria, Malva, 
Geranium, Ilex. 
Eunonymus, Vicia, Rosa, Saxifraga, Lythrum, Epilobium, 
Anthriscus. 
Lonicera, Senecio, Campanula, Erica, Solanum, Plantago, 
Lamium. 
Polygonum, Urtica, Viscum, Fagus. 
Orchis, Iris, Potamogeton, Allium, Arum, Lemna, Typha. 
Carex, Triticum. 
6. The various adaptations by which cross-fertilisation is 
effected in Flowering plants. 
7. The modes by which seeds are diffused. 
8. The broad facts of the geographical distribution of Flower- 
ing plants. 
g. The distinctive characters and origin of the Arctic-alpine 
flora, and the floras of oceanic islands, 
10. The morphology and physiology of the vegetative and 
reproductive organs in Pinus, Taxus, and Juniperus. 
11. The geographical and geological distribution of the genera 
of Gymnosperms. 
12. The morphology and physiology of the vascular crypto- 
gams, more especially with reference to the following types :— 
Selaginella, Pdularia, Lycopodium, Equisetum, Polypodium, 
Lastrea, Osmunda. 
13. The morphology and minute anatomy of the Carboni- 
ferous Lycopodiacec. 
14. The morphology and physiology of Mosses and Liverworts 
as exemplified by Polytrichum (or Funaria) and Marchantia. 
15. The morphology and physiology of Algae as exemplified 
Fucus, Ceramium, Saprolegnia, Spirogyra, Closterium, Ulva, 
Volvox, Protococcus, Palmella, 
16. The modes of reproduction in Fungi as illustrated by— 
Agaricus, Peziza, Penicillium, Peronospora, Mucor, Uredo, — 
Saccharomyces (yeast). 
17. The processes of plant nutrition, comparing also their 
modifications in Fungi, Neottia, and different parasitical plants. 
18. The ash constituents of plants and their distribution in th 
tissues. 
19. The influence of heat and light upon plants. 
Flonours 
Questions at the discretion of the eximiner, who will have 
regard to the state of botanical learning in the country, and the 
means of acquiring information, 
