292 
action. The evidence of design may be irresistible in cases 
where we cannot indicate its limits, We can only infer with 
greater or less probability, according to circumstances, and espe- 
cially according to relation to ends. Better evidence than that 
of exquisite adaptation of means to ends is seldom, if ever, 
obtainable of human intention, and in the nature of the case it 
is the only kind of evidence which is scientifically available in 
regard to superhuman intention. Now if means and ends are 
predicable of inorganic nature at all, it is only by remote and 
indirect implication; while in organic nature the inference is 
direct and unavoidable. With what propriety, then, can it be 
affirmed that organic nature furnishes no other and no better 
evidence of underlyiug intelligence than inorganic nature? The 
evidence is certainly o//er, and to our thinking defter, 
To make the contrary supposition tenable, it must be shown 
that natural. seiection scientifically accounts for the adaptation ; 
that the survival of only the very best adapted, out of the brood 
of more or less adapted to the environment at the time, 
gives sufficient scientific explanation of the adaptability or | 
actua] adaptation of the organism. Certainly this has not yet 
been done, and it seems incredible that it ever will be. That 
organisms have undergone changes as the Darwinian theory 
predicates, and that these changes have been picked out and led } 
on by natural selection, seems to me most probable. That the 
action of the environment in some wholly unexplained way 
induces organisms to movement and change which would not 
otherwise occur, is also probable; but such change appears to 
be a response of the organisms to the physical surroundings and 
stimuli. And thismost important factor in the result receives 
no explanation from the natural selection which operates upon it 
or co-operates with it, In other words, real causes have been 
assigned under which, g?ven the requisite changes, the actual 
diversity and adaptations of plants and animals must or may have 
come to pass. But none have been assigned under which the 
organisms zwst have responded in the ways they do, or have | 
responded at all, to the influences of the environment. Yet this 
is the very gist of the matter. The whole tenor of Darwin’s 
writings and many explicit statements assure us that he com- 
pletely recognised this distinction, which less exact minds over- | 
look. If this distinction is valid, then the conclusion is at least 
premature which affirms ‘‘ that the arzument from teleology has 
been dislodged by the theory of natural selection,” and its special 
value, as derived from adaptations in organic nature, utterly and 
for ever destroyed.” ASA GRAY 
Cambridge, U.S. 
Intelligence in Animals 
Mr. RoMANES remarks in his book that there are few re- 
corded instances of intelligence in bears ; the following facts 
may therefore be worth recording :—In the Clifton Zoological 
Gardens there are two female Polar bears between two and a 
half and three years old, which came here quite young. One 
of these shows remarkable intelligence in cracking. cocoa-nuts. 
A nut was thrown to-day into the tank ; it sank a long way, and 
the bear waited quietly ull after some time it rose a little out of 
her reach. She then made acurrent in the water with her paw, 
and thus brought it within reach. This habit has already been 
several times noticed in Polar bears. She then took it on shore, 
and tried to break it by leaning her weight on it with one paw. 
Failing in this, she took the nut between her fore-paws, raised 
herself on her hind-legs to her full height, and turew the nut 
forwards against the bars of the den, three or four feet off. She 
then again leant her weight on it, hoping she had cracked it; but 
failed again. She then repeated the process, this time success- 
fully. The keeper told me she employed the same method to 
break the leg-bone of a horse. That this is the result of indi- 
vidual experience, and not of instinct, is clear from the fact that 
her companion has not learnt the trick of opening them thus, nor 
could this one do it when she first came. The method of throw- 
ing 1s precisely similar to that adopted by the Cebus monkey 
described by Mr. Romanes. J. G. GRENFELL 
Clifton College, Clifton, Bristol, January 15 
Ona Relation existing between the Latent Heats, Specific 
Heats, and Relative Volumes of Volatile Bodies 
As I do not find that the following relation between the latent 
heat of evaporation, the expansion undergone in changing into 
the gaseous state, and the specific heat of a volatile body has 
NATURE 
} 
[ Fan. 25, 1883 
been previously pointed out ; and as, if verified, it might be of 
some value in the determination of one or other of the akove 
quantities I submit it, not however without considerable diffi- 
dence, to the readers of NATURE. 
Briefly stated the relation stands thus— 
The latent heat of gasification at constant pressure of any body, 
divided by the product of the relative volume of the gas and the 
specific heat of the body is approximately constant ; or, if 
A = latent heat of gasification of any body, 
v = relative volume of the gas; 7.e. the vol. of the body on 
assuming the gaseous state compared with its vol. as a 
liquid, 
5 = specific heat of the body. Then 
= const. 
Uxs 
The calculated value of this constant approximates to 0°8, as 
will be seen in the following table. 
The letters A, v, and s, heading columns 2, 3, and 4, have the 
same signification as above. 
a. Uw Ss. us 
uxs 
Ethernes QUI 228 “515 ils 
Carbon disulphide 86°67 414 "235 “890 
Wood spirit re 2037; 651 645 628 
Bromine nacghes” 145° 510 "107 “S41 
Oil of turpentine 68°73 204 “410 837 
Formic acid .. 169'0 548 536 “575 
Ethyl acetate... 92°6 209 “527 ..2 GS4O 
Methyl acetate... ... 110°2 321 "S07 0a SOR, 
Butyric acid sno) LNA 67, 271 503 "841 
Ethyl formate ELOsss 241 513 851 
Amyl alcohol 5, NG) 268 587 “967 
Acetone a etal) 339 *530 736 
Alcohol . 208°0 456 “547 833 
Benzene QI°47 282 "395 “821 
Chloroform eee OO 318 232) Vnemoos 
Perchloride of carbon. 47°0 263 ‘T98! ... 902 
Phosphorus trichloride 51.42 3II "2001 eee OD 
Methyl butyrate 87°33 273 "487, 014 HORT 
Ethyl chloride ... 930 220 "427 679 
Ethyl iodide . 46°87 317 “1G2) eee Ora! 
Acetic acid Fa 4 Wes TODO 515 “S030. 305 
Chloride of arsenic ...  46°5 324 "176 813 
Tetrachloride of tin... 30°53 ... 237 148 *869 
Water... con SEO ; 1OL2) -... 1'000) 333 
It would appear then that the latent heat of a body may be 
considered as approximately proportional to the expansion of the 
body im vaporising and to its specific heat; and that the amount 
of heat required to convert a unit mass of the body at the boiling 
point from the liquid to the gaseous state, is equal to an amount 
of heat which would raise through one degree a quantity of the 
body in the liquid state which is approximately proportional to 
the expansion undergone by the liquid on evaporating. 
It will be noticed that among the bodies instanced in the table 
there are some which appear to be very far indeed from accord- 
ing with the relationship in question. Notably acetie acid and 
water ; of these, however, water presents so many peculiarities 
that perhaps it may be allowable to consider this as only adding 
one more to their number. In the case of acetic acid it is note- 
worthy that in plotting the curve of the latent heats of the group 
of acids of which acetic acid is a member, Fayre and Silbermann 
found an irregularity arising from this body. It is, at any rate, 
possible that this irregularity may mean an error in the deter- 
mination of the Jatent heat of this body. 
Considering the difficulties which attend the accurate deter- 
mination of latent heats, relative volumes, and specific heats 
of the several bodies, and that, of course, an error in any one of 
these will introduce inaccuracies into the constant, it may well 
be supposed that some, at least, of the variations noticeable in 
the results tabulated arise from inaccurate data. Further, there 
are in many cases two or more distinct determinations of these 
physical properties extant, of which one might be so selected 
in each case as to reduce the variations occurring in the constant 
to a minimum. F. TROUTON 
Trinity College, Dublin 
The Gresham Funds 
IN an account of a meeting of the Common Council of the 
City of London, held last week, I read in the Zimes that the 
1 Varies with temperature of determination irregularly. 
