96 
NATURE 
[Fune 1, 1871 

of reptilian remains and other fossils from the neighbourhood of 
Oxford was shown to the visitors,-and described by Prof. Phillips 
and Prof. Morris.—Saturday’s proceedings were commenced by 
an early visit to Merton College, for the purpose of inspecting 
the very fine collection of fossils which Mr. Earwaker of 
that college has brought together. Afterwards the party, with 
Profs. Phillips and Morris, started by carriage for Islip, Enslow 
Bridge, and Kidlington. At Islip a very fine section of the 
Forest Marble and Cornbrash is exposed, and the usual fossils 
of these formations are here found. The village of Islip is, how- 
ever, interesting to geologists on other grounds, for here lies 
Buckland. Around the tomb of the great geologist with his dis- 
tinguished successor at their head the party assembled. The 
tomb is of polished Aberdeen granite, and the inscription briefly 
records the fact that there lie the remains of Dr. Buckland, 
Rector of Islip, Dean of Westminster, and First Reader in Ge- 
ology in the University of Oxford. The quarries at Enslow 
Bridge, which have yielded a large number of the Saurian bones 
in the University Museum, was then visited, and here the visitors 
were highly gratified to find that during the morning a very fine 
Teleosaurus had been found, and the head, taken out of the bed 
in which it had lain for untold ages, was exposed to view. This 
quarry is in the great Oolite, the lower and uppermost strata of 
which in Oxfordshire yield remains of A/egalosaurus, while in 
the middle beds we find Zé/eosaurus. A very remarkable bed of 
about twelve inches thick occurs a little above the Teleosaurian 
cave, crowded with 7Zerebratula maxillata to the exclusion of 
every other species. Several other sections of the Great Oolite, 
Forest Marble, and Combrash were examined, and the weather 
being very fine the drive through the beautiful country was much 
enjoyed, and the return to Oxford effected in time to allow of the 
party taking their departure for I.ondon by the evening train. 
DUBLIN 
Royal Dublin Society, May 13.—Dr. J. Emerson 
Reynolds, analyst to the Society, delivered the concluding 
lecture for the session 1870-71. The subject of the lecture 
was the “Chemistry of Milk.” The lecturer, referring to 
cow’s milk more particularly, described the constituents of 
the fluid at considerable length, and showed the precise quantities 
of butter, casein, sugar, and salts obtained from a known amount 
of milk of good quality. A number of new facts bearing on 
the chemical constitution of the different substances present in 
milk were then stated, and the relations of casein and sugar to 
the several parts of the animal orgnnism were pointed out. It 
was proved by a large number of analyses of milk taken from 
cows fed in various ways in different parts of the country, that 
milk is naturally subject to very wide variations in the proportions 
of its constituents, and hence that it is extremely difficult, if not 
impossible, to state with precision that a given sample of milk 
had been adulterated with a certain amount of water. Under 
these circumstances the lecturer suggested that milk should in 
future be judged according as it might reach or fall below a certain 
standard quality, fair alike to the vendor and the purchaser, but 
that milk falling below the standard should not necessarily be 
stigmatised as adulterated, but simply have a lower commercial 
value attached to it. Dr. Reynolds stated, as the result of his 
experience, that milk sold at the present price per quart may 
fairly be expected to have the following composition in one 
hundred parts :— 
Water - . : é 5 . 87'0 
Butter S 5 ‘ 2 : . S35 
Casein 5 “ < < y : 4:0 
Sugar : F : 6 ; Z 50 
Salts 5 : . 3 3 5 5 
The proportion of fatty matter can be easily ascertained by the 
rapid methods of Sir Joseph Banks or Dr. Minchin, and the 
sugar determined in a few minutes by the aid of the polariscope ; 
but it has been hitherto impossible to speedily measure the pro- 
portion of the valuable casein of milk without recourse to 
elaborate chemical analysis. By means of a very simple con- 
trivance, which was exhibited at the le cture, the proportion of 
casein can, however, now be speedily ascertained ; we are, 
therefore, for the first time in a position to form quickly a 
sufficiently precise estimate of the - nutritive value of a given 
sample of milk. The lecturer concluded by expressing a hope 
that the public would now use the means placed in its hands for 
guarding against imposition on one side, or the hasty condemna- 
tion of the honest trader on the other. 
May 22.—Prof. Dyer in the chair. Prof. R. Ball read notes on 
Kater’s Pendulum and ona new Hydraulic Press, —Dr. J. Emerson 

Reynolds read notes of Experiments on the flow of Liquids through 
Capillary Tubes.—Mr. W. F. Kirby communicated a list 
of the species of Papgilionide or Swallow-tailed Butterflies 
in the collection of the Society, and exhibited specimens 
in illustration. Among these were a long series of P. 
cymochles Gray and P. idalion Felder, which Mr. Kirby 
believed to be sexes of one species. He also called attention toa 
remarkable variety (?) of P. folymmestor Cram., in which the 
blue colouring of the hind wings was reduced to a band.—Prof. 
Dyer read a paper on Bud scales, in the course of which he 
objected to the word mimicry being used for the resemblance 
borne by a plant belonging to one natural family to a plant 
belonging to a different natural family, except in such cases 
as where the plants were found living side by side.—Mr. 
A. G. More exhibited for Dr. Cartt a number of additions 
to the museum, and told some of the-more remarkable stories 
known about each species. Among the more interesting speci- 
mens exhibited, one of the American Goshawk shot in Tipperary 
and one of Cygnus dewickii may be mentioned. 


DIARY 
THURSDAY, Juxet. 
Linnean Socrety, at 8—On Some Plants from Northern China: Dr. 
Hance.—On South American Hiffocrateacee: Mr. Miers. 
CueEmicaL Society, at 8.— On Ozone: Dr. Debus, F.R.S. 
Roya InsTITuTION, at 3.—On Sound: Prof. Tyndall, F.R S. 
FRIDAY, June2, 
GeotocisTs’ AssoctaTIon, at 8.—On Flint: M. Hawkins Johnson, F.G S. 
Roya InstiTuTIoN, at 9 —Gaseous and Liqu‘d States of Matter: Prof. 
Andrews. 
SATURDAY, June 3. 
Roya. ScHoot oF MInEs, at 8.—Geology : Dr. Cobbold. 
Roya InstiTuTION, at 3.—On the Instruments Used in Modern Astro- 
nomy: J. N. Lockyer, F.R.S. 
MONDAY, June s. 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SocIETY, at 7. 
Royat InstiTuTIoN, at 2.—General Monthly Meeting. 
TUESDAY, June 6. 
ZooLoGIcaL Society, at 9 —On Dinornis (Part XVII). Containing a de- 
scription of the sternum and pelvis, with an attempted restoration of Af- 
tornis defosser, Ow. Prof. Owen, F.R.S.—Ona Seal new to the British 
Fauna: Prof. Flower.—On Risso’s Dolphin: Prof. Flower. 
Socrety oF BipticaAL ARcH£OLOGY.—On the Early History of Assyria and 
of Babylonia, from Contemporary Inscriptions {part 1): G. Smith —On 
the Date of the Nativity: J. W. Bosanquet. 
Royat InsTITuTION, at 3.—Least Action in Nature: Rey. Prof. Haughton. 
WEDNESDAY, June 7. 
GEoLocIcaL Soctety, at 8.—Notes on the Geology of part o° the County of 
Donegal: A. H. Green, M.A., F G.S.—On the Persistence in the Deep- 
seas of the present day of Caryofhyllia cylindracea, Reuss, a cretaceous 
coral: Prof. P. Martin Duncan, F.R.S.—Note on an J/chthyosaurus 
(1. enthtkiodon), from Kinmeridge Bay, Dorset: J W. Hulke, F.R.S.— 
Note on a Fragment of a Teleosaurian Snout, from Kimmeridge Bay, 
Dorset: J. W. Hulke, Esq. 
Roya Microscoricat Society, at 8. 
Lonpon InsTiTUTION, at 2.—Distribution of Prizes and Certificates by 
Mr. T. Baring, M.P., President. 
THURSDAY, June 8. 
Society oF ANTIQUARIES, at 8.30. 
MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY, at 8. 
Roya InsTITUTION, at 3.—Sound; Prof. Tyndall. 


CONTENTS Pace 
Scrence Lectures FOR THE PEOPLE oe yee seeps, pale 
Crookes’s CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. By Prof. T.E.Tuorre. . 82 
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR :— 
The Sun.—PapbreE Seccui: R. A. Proctor, F. RAS, 82 
Rain after Fire.—G. P. SEROcoLD . = je (a coh te iaeat aha Yn a ES 
Alleged Daylight Auroras—Dr.G. F. Burp—er . ..... . 84 
Aurora Australis.—Dr. A.D. MEYER. . . --. . «.. .. « 84 
The Eclipse Photographs.—D. WinsTANLEY . . . =... . 8&5 
Eozéon Canadense.—Prof. Wi1LL1Am Kine . een ice, 85 
Tue INEQUALITIES OF THE Moon’s MEAN MoTION . . . . . . . 85 
Tue Hetiotyre Process. By W. H. HARRISON. . .. ..°. . 85 
PARIS NEWS is» ictue <<: inj) eeismeey Suk ls ReREOE sie aie) 6b) aE 
DREDGING OF THE GULF STREAM «5 « ws - s+ © ws ow we 8 
THe Spectrum or Uranus. By Dr. Witiiam Huceins, F.RS. 
(Bark THusiration), ~ Sean « ssit-vi- tei) (ie - oe 
NODES, 65 o ccy. co Tost 0 lo, eR Mamie Waeteaees ae) yo le Pei aecee OnE 
Pror. WyvitLe THomson's INTRODUCTORY LECTURE AT EDINBURGH 
MINIVERSIDY \<. iin =.» SUR PRaeeoiae| Seiel= | (ly -i fis ai st ca 
Mr. BENTHAM’S ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS TO THE LINNEAN SOCIETY . 92 
DOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES talini jeBisils ais yo: gle> sie) le) tele ens 
DARN Sea us ss cess Om ow ox >) 8 el aie 96 
A 
