472 
NATURE 
[Oct. 12, 1871 

below the floor of the gallery JjJ, and then the two 
currents converge centrally and fall together into the 
reservoir at tank 49. A portion of the water, how- 
ever, is arrested above tank 9, and is by separate 
pipes conveyed into the rooms H and 1, where, after cir- 
culating in the tanks 19 to 38, it finds its way to the 
reservoir below at F2 and G2. Independently, however, 
of the simple fall of water from one tank to another in 
steps of from 3 |to 6 inches in height in the series I to 
18 (tanks 9 and: to being 6 feet high, while 1 and 18 are 
3 feet high—all internally), other streams of water, mixed 
with great quantities of air in minute bubbles, are driven 
from the main pipe into all the tanks with force. through 
jets, so that myriads of such bubbles, controlled by stop- 
cocks, are forced in a state of fine division (resembling 
falling sand, or steam) nearly or quite down to the bottom 
of each tank, and thus the fluid is charged with as much 
atmospheric air as it will take up in open vessels. The 
amount of aération (which also depends much on the 
amount of water entering) varies much, according to the 
dimensions of the tanks. Thus, tank 10 holds 4,000 
gallons, and tank 1 holds 400 gallons, and, as tank 10 has 
a stream equal to its own bulk running through it once an 
hour, it necessarily follows that as the same current flows 
through tank 1 (of only one-tenth the capacity of tank 10) 
then tank 1 has a stream equal to its bulk, ten times as 
often as tank 10, that is to say, once every six minutes, 
and as these grades of aération vary in all the tanks, 
they can be chosen according to the varying requirements 
of different kinds of animals. There is no intention to 
change the sea-water, but only to add from time to time 
a requisite quantity of distilled water to compensate for 
evaporation, and also to add whatever constituents the 
animals may deprive the sea-water of. For example, 
lobsters, crawfish, crabs, oysters, annelides with calcareous 
tubes, and many other animals, are constantly making 
new shells or adding to their old ones, and the matter is 
derived from the sea-water, and must be re-supplied.* 
The material used for the pumps, stop-cocks, and jets, 
and for nearly all the pipes (the exceptions being the 
stoneware pipes connecting tanks 39 to 60) is vulcanite, or 
hard india-rubber. This was recommended by Prof. 
Faraday for the purpose in 1857. 
In tanks 1 to 18 the creatures can be viewed only 
through the plate-glasses forming the fronts of the 
tanks; but in the twenty tanks of the rooms H and 
1 (Nos. 19 to 38), which are made to contain small spe- 
cimens, the view is through the surface of the water, 
as well as through the glasses of the fronts, as in the table- 
cases of a museum. The shallowness of these tanks, 
varying in water-capacity frorn 40 to 270 gallons each, 
much increases both their aération and the accessibility of 
the objects they contain, and the much-shaded position of 
some of them, ¢.g., Nos. 19, 21, 25, 27, 28, 30, 34, and 36, 
affords meansof maintaining some organisms, both animal 
and vegetable, needing an unusual amount of darkness. 
For example, no green alga (Chlorosperms) will grow in 
the gloom of these tanks, while they are admirably suited 
for the A’odosperms (or red alge) whichalways flourish best 
in much obscurity. So, too, no direct sunlight can enter 
tank 1, and as it contains only sea-anemones, it may 
be expected that this intentional arrangement will some- 
what retard the usual fading of some of the colours 
of these animals when in aquaria. Tanks 1 to 18 are 
lighted from a source not seen by spectators in front of 
the glasses. 
In tanks 39 to 60 the view is only through the surface 
of the water. These twenty-two receptacles, each hold- 
ing about 300 gallons of sea-water, contain, or are 
intended to contain, creatures which are at intervals 
drafted into the show tanks (1 to 38) and, acting as reserves 
and not for public inspection, they enable large num- 
bers of animals to be purchased when they are to be 
cheaply and easily got, and thus these store-places in 
* The sea- water was supplied in casks by Mr, W, Hudson, of Brighton. 

part remove the uncertainty of supply, which hitherto 
has attended inland marine aquaria. They are also 
used to keep living food, as mussels and shrimps, for 
the other animals. 
For the general supply of the aquarium, the company 
possesses a large marine pond, in communication with 
the sea at every tide, and serving asa store, with a resident 
agent (Mr. C. Rogers),at Plymouth. This pondis capacious 
enough to furnish many animals, otherwise hard to be got, 
to all the public aquaria in Europe. The company has 
another agent (Mr. John Thompson) and store-place, at 
Southend, Essex; and supplies are obtained also from 
Weymouth, from Mr. R. T. Smith ; from Menaiin North 
Wales, from Mr. E. Edwards ; from Tenby,in South Wales, 
from Mr. W. Jenkins, together with other contributions 
from North and South Devonshire and the Channel Is- 
lands. Notwithstanding all these facilities, however, the 
difficulty of procuring animals in good health, and of suf- 
Nicient variety, and of right size, is very great—so great, 
indeed, on account of periods of excessive heat or cold, or 
rough weather, that there are probably not more thana 
dozen or fifteen weeks of any average year (with seldom a 
couple of weeks consecutively) in which animals can be 
most advantageously got, and this applies especially to 
fishes. 
The animals at present in the aquarium are the follow- 
ing* :—Sea-anemones, fourteen species ; tube and other 
worms, six species; star-fishes, three species; sea- 
urchins, lobsters, crawfish, edible-crabs, spider-crabs, 
swimming crabs, and various other crabs; prawns, 
two species; barnacles, oysters, mussels, cockles, and 
scallops; whelks, periwinkles, dogwinkles, and tops ; 
cuttles, two species ; and many fishes, as skate, angel-fish, 
launce, pipe-fish, lump-fish, and sucking-fish ; sole, plaice, 
cod, whiting-pout, whiting, and rockling; wrasse, four 
species; goby, three species; blenny, three species ; 
dragonet, gunnel, grey-mullet, sea-bream, sea-scorpion, 
two species ; pogge, gurnard, weever, and basse. All of 
these have to be fed constantly, many of them hourly, 
throughout the day, except on Sundays; and as for the sea- 
anemones, of which there are already in the aquarium over 
3,090 individuals, everyone of them has a morsel of food 
proportioned to its size given it at frequent intervals witha 
pair of wooden forceps, by an attendant whose sole occu- 
pation this is, as these flower-like creatures being so very 
non-locomotive as to be almost absolutely fixed, cannot 
pursue their food, or in an aquarium obtain it in any other 
manner, they being deprived of the actual ocean, every 
wave of which, when the animals are in a state of nature, 
bringing them nutriment which is arrested by their out- 
spread and waving tentacles, 
* Marine Animals in the Crystal Palace Aquarium, from August 20 to 



October 10, 1871.—1. Actinoloba dianthus. 2. Sagartia bellis. 3. Sagartia 
miniata. 4. Sagartia rosea. 5. Sagartia venusta. 6. Sagartia nivea. 7. 
Sagartia troglodytes. 8. Sagartia viduata. 9. Sagartia parasitica. ro. Anthea 
cereus, x11. Actinia mesembryanthemum. 12. Bunodes Ballii. 13. Tealia 
ornis. 14. Cerianthus Lloydii. 15. Uraster rubens. 16, Cribella 
17. Solaster papposa. 18, Sipunculus Bernhardus. 19. Nemertes 

Sabella reniformis. 22. Sabella 
24. Sabella tubularia~ 25. Serpula con- 
27. Spirorbis communis. 28. Gam- 
30. Palamon squilla. 31. Crangon 
20. Terebella conchilega. 21. 
unispira, 23. Terebella penicillus. 
tortuplicata. 26. Serpula triquetra. 
marus locusta. 29. Palazmon serratus. 
vulgaris. 32. Homarus marinus. 33. Palinurus quadricornis. 34. Pagurus 
Bernhardus. 35. Galathea strigosa. 36. Galathea squamifera. 37. Por- 
cellana platycheles. 38. Pinnotheres pisum. 39. Portunus puber. 40. 
Portunus depurator. 41. Carcinus Mznas. 42. Pilumnus hirtellus. 43. 
Xanthis florida. 44. Xanthis rivulosa. 45. Cancer pagurus. 46. Maia 
Squinado. 47. Hyas araneus. 48. Inachus Dorsettensis. 49. Steno- 
rhynchus phalangium. 50. Balanus balanoides. 51. Lepas anatifera. 
52. Ascidia mentula. 53. Cardium echinatum. 
Anomia ephippium. 56. Eolis coronata. 57. Aplysia punctata. 58. 
Purpura lapillus. 59. Buccinum undatum, 60. Nassa reticulata. 61. 
Murex erinaceus. 62. Sepiola Rondeletii. 63. Octopus vulgaris. 64. Raia 
batis. 65. Squatina angelus. 66. Scyllium canicula, 67. Hippocampus 
brevirostris. 68. Syngnathusacus. 69. Ammodytes lancea. 7o. Anguilla 
acutirostris. 7x. Cyclopterus lumpus. 72. Liparis vulgaris. 73. Solea 
vulgaris. 74. Platessa vulgaris. 75. Motella vulgaris. 76. Merlangus 
vulgaris. 77. Morrhua vulgaris. 78. Labrus maculatus. 79. Labrusmixtus. 
80. Crenilabrus melops. 81. Crenilabrus rupestris. 82. Callionymus lyra. 
83. Gobius niger. 84. Gobius unipunctatus. 85. Gobius Ruthensparri. 
86. Blennius pholis. 87. Blennius gattorugine. 88. Muranoides guttata. 
89. Zoorces viviparus. go. Mugil capito. gx. Pagellus centrodontus. 92. 
‘Tottus bubalis 93. Cottus scorpius. 094. Asphidophorus cataphractus. 95. 
Criglia hirundo. 96, Labree lupus. 
54. Mytilus edulis. 55. 

