442 
NATURE 
[Sepz. 29, 1870 
large number of bones—including several birds and a few fish— 
portions of antlers, and about 1,400 fragmentary and_ perfect 
teeth, some of them still attached to the jaw-bones. The teeth 
belonged to the following animals :—Horse, hyena, rhinocercs, 
bear, sheep, badger, fox, rabbit, elephant, deer, lion, ox, hare, 
and, pig. Agglutinated lumps of wings and elitra of beetles. 
Besides these, twenty-one flint imp!ements and flakes were found. 
The North Sally Port covers an area of 86 feet by 84 feet, and 
passes out to an opening in the eastern slope of the hill. The 
three layers described in the South Sally fort are found in this 
opening also, and the remains obtained in the excavations were 
the same as and in like proportions to those found in the South 
Sally Port. Smerdon’s Passage was determined to be the entrance 
to the North Sally Port, and also to a previously unsuspected 
passage. Numerous remains were found in this passage. 
SECTION D,—BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE 
Professor Rolleston’s Inaugural Address. 
p- 427.) 
Pathology hasmadea return to Physiology for much service she 
has received, and this in the following directions. Dr. W. Ogle has 
thrown much light on the physiology of the cervical sympa- 
thetic nervous system by his record of a pathological history to be 
found in the recently issued volume (vol. lii.) of the ‘‘ Medico- 
Chirurgical Transactions.” The rough and cruel experimentation 
of war has had its vivisections utilised for the elucidation of the 
physiology of nerves, and especially of their trophic function, by 
the valuable volume issued by the American Sanitary Commission, 
under the editorship of Dr. Austin Flint. Dr. Broadbent has 
done something towards elucidating the question of the localisa- 
tion of functions in particular parts of the cerebral convolutions 
which was so extensively and so very exhaustively discussed at 
Norwich by his paper in our most useful and comprehensive 
Cambridge ‘‘ Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,” May 1870, 
“On the Cerebral Convolutions of a Deaf and Dumb Woman.” 
I take this opportunity of mentioning two valuable papers on 
the very practical question of the influence of the vagus upon the 
heart’s action. One of these is a German paper by a gentleman 
who is a zoologist and comparative anatomist as well as a phy- 
siologist, Dr. A. B, Meyer, “‘ Das Hemmungsnervenssystem des 
Herzen”’ is the title of his memoir, a separate publication as I 
think ; the other is an abstract of a paper [I have not seen the 
paper published 7 exfenso as yet] by Dr. Rutherford, ‘* On the 
Influence of the Vagus upon the Vascular System,” published in 
the Cambridge journal just referred to. Especially do I think 
Dr. Rutherford’s view as to the vagus acting centrifugally as 
regards the stomach, and carrying stimulus, not thither but 
thence, to the medulla oblongata, which stimulus is then 
radiated downwards by a route formed distally by the splan- 
chnic nerve, so as to produce inhibitory vascular dilatation in 
the neighbourhood of the pepetic cells, as worthy of attention.* 
A considerable number of the papers which will be read before this 
Section, indeed a considerable part of the Section itself, will be 
devoted to the Natural History of Man. Nothing, I apprehend, 
is more distinctive of the present phase of that ‘* proper study of 
mankind” than the now accomplished formation of a close 
alliance between the students of archaeology strict and proper and 
the biologist with the express purpose of jointly occupying and 
cultivating that vast territory. Literature and art and the pro- 
ducts of the arts furnish each their data to the ethnologist and 
anthropologist in addition to those which it is the business of the 
anatomist, the physiologist, the paleontologist, and the physical 
geographer, to be acquainted with; nor can any conclusion attained 
to by filling up any single one of those lines of investigation be 
considered as definitely absolved from the condition of the pro- 
visional until it has been shown that it can never be put into oppo- 
sition with any conclusion legitimately arrived at along any other 
of the routes specified. In political alliances the shortcomings of 
one party necessarily hamper and check the advance of the other ; 
a failure in the means or in the perseverance of one party may 
bring the joint enterprise to a premature close ; mutual forbear- 
ance, not to dwell longer upon extreme cases, may finally be as 
effectua in slackening progress as even mutual jealousies. No 
such disadvantages attach themselves to the alliance of literature 
with science, as tLe German ‘‘ Archiv fiir Anthropologie,” issued 
(Continued from 
* Since writing as above I have seen, but have not read, a paper by Dr. 
Coats in Ludwig's ‘‘ Arbeiten aus der Physiologischen Anstalt zu Leipzig” 
for the present year. The Wurtzburg Physiological Laboratory Reports for 
1867-1868, contain, as is well known, a scries of papers on this subject. 
to the world under the joint management of Ecker the biologist 
and Lindenschmidt the antiquarian, will show any one who con- 
sults its pages, replete with many-sided but not superficial, multi- 
farious but never inaccurate, information. 
The antiquary isa little prone, if he will allow me to say so, 
when left alone, to make himself but a connoisseur ; the historian, 
whilst striving to avoid the Scylla of judicial dulness, slides into 
the Charybdis of political partizanship; and the biologist not 
rarely shows himslf a little cold to matters of moral and social 
; 
interest, whilst absorbed in the enthusiasm of speciality. The — 
combination of minds varying in bent is found efficacious in cor- 
recting these aberrations, and by this combination we obtain 
that white and dry light which is so comforting to the eye of the 
truth-loving student, to say nothing as to its being so much stronger 
than the coloured rays which the work of one isolated student 
has sometimes cast upon it from the work of another. It would 
be invidious to speculate, and I have forborne from suggesting 
whether the literary contingent in the conquering though com- 
posite army has learnt more from observation of the methods and 
evolutions of the scientific contingent, or the scientific man from 
the observation of the literary ; it is, however, neither invidious 
nor superfluous to congratulate the general public upon the 
j 
j 
necessity which these, like other allies, have been reduced to, of 
adopting one common code of signals, and discarding the ex- 
clusive use of their several and distinctive technicalities. Subjects 
of an universal interest have thus come to be treated, and that 
by persons now amongst us, in a language universally under- 
standed of the people. I have been careful to include the 
Palzontologist amongst the scientific specialists whose peculiar 
researches have cast a helpful and indeed an indispensable light 
upon the history of the fates and fortunes of our species. But it 
is not organic science only which anthropology impresses into its — 
: : : : 4 
service, and it would be the sheerest ingratitude to forget the 
help. which the Mineralogist gives us in assigning the source 
whence the jade celt has come or could come, or to omit an 
acknowledgment of the toil of the analytical chemist, who has © 
given the percentage of the tin in the bronze celt, or in the so- — 
called *‘ leaden” and therefore Roman coffin. 
I am very well aware !that many persons who haye honoured 
me by listening to the last few sentences, have been thinking 
that it is at least premature to attempt to harmonise the two 
classes of evidence in question ; and that the best adyice that 
can be given to the two sets of workers severally is, that they 
should work independently of each other. Craniography 
is said, and by irrefragable authority, to be a most deceptive © 
guide ; works and articles on ethnology tell us stories of skulls — 
being labelled, even in museums of the first order of merit, with _ 
such Janus-like tickets as ‘* Etruscan Tyrol 07 Inca Peruvian ;” 
and one of the most celebrated anthropotomists of the day, has 
been so impressed with the fact that Peruvian as well as Javanese 
and Ethiopian skulls may be found cn living shoulders within 
the precincts of a single German university town, that he has 
busied himself with forming a pseudo-typical ethnological series 
from the source and area just indicated. Great has been the 
scandal thence accruing to craniography, and the collector of 
skulls has thence come to be looked upon as a dilettante with 
singular ghoul-like propensities, which are pardonable only — 
because they relate only to savage races of modern days, or to 
cemeteries several hundred years old, but which are not to be 
regarded as being seriously scientific. Now to me the existence 
of such a way of estimating sucha work appears to argue a sad 
amount of ignorance of the laws of the logic of practical life, or, 
indeed, of the chapters on ‘‘approximate generalisations,” 
which any man, however unpractical, can read in a treatise on 
logic. A man’s features and physiognomy are instinctively and 
intuitively, or, if you prefer so to put it, as a result of the accu- 
mulated social experiences of generations of men, taken as a 
more or less valuable and trustworthy indication of his character; 
were this not so, photozraphers would not, as I apprehend, and 
hope they do; make fortunes, yet the face is at least as often 
fallacious as an index of the mind as the skull is fallacious as an 
index of race. The story of the misconception by a physiogno- 
mist of the character of Socrates is familiar to us, as I think, 
from Lempriére’s Dictionary ; and it may serve to parallel the 
story which Blumenbach and Tilesius tell us of the exact corre- 
spondence of the proportions of a skull from Nukahiya with 
those of the Apollo Belvidere. The living faces in a gaol again, 
to put the same argument upon other grounds, are as dangerous 
to judge from as are the skulls in the museum; yet every detective 
issomething likea professor of physiognomy, and mostof them could 
