me Oct. 6, 1870] 
NATORE, 
467 
Man and even from Dublin. The people were still tall 
and fair, and often strikingly Scandimavian in aspect. The 
remaining British element might be partly Gaelic. In the 
south of the county, immigration and physical degeneration con- 
nected with the great deveiopment of the cotton manufacture, 
had been, and were, effecting changes in the prevailing physical 
type, which had previously been more Anglian and British, while 
the Norse element had been comparatively weak. The paper 
was partly based on numerical data. 
On the Ottoman Turks.—Dr. Beddoe. This paper mainly 
consisted of a minute physical description of the Otto- 
mans of Anatolia, with notices of certain tribes of Yuruks 
and Turkomans scattered about Asia Minor. The physical 
type, which for brevity’s sake, he called Turanian, was much 
more prevalent among the former than was generally sup- 
posed. It was doubtful whether there was any need for 
invoking the influence of climate or other media to account 
for the elevation that had occurred in the Ottoman physique. 
Inter-marriage with the women of subjected races soon after 
the conquest, and absorption of foreign elements, might 
sufficiently account for it, and as these had been most prevalent 
in kKumelia, and in the large towns, it was there that the 
original Turanian type had been most obscured. 
Mr. John S. Phené read a paper on A vecert examination of 
British Tumuli and Monuments in the Hebrides, and on the 
western coast of Scotland. 
On the Builders of the Megalithic Monuments in Britain. 
—Mr. A. S. Lewis. The author divided the inhabitants of 
Britain into three leading ‘types, the Kymric, long-headed, 
dark-haired, and light-eyed ; the Iberian, dark-eyed and dark- 
haired ; and the ‘Teutonic, ~ roynd-headed, light-haired, and 
light-eyed. He controverted the idea now gaining ground that 
the Iberians represented the aboriginal race, and that they ex- 
clusively were the builders of megalithic monuments. He 
attributed these monuments to Iberians and Kymry indifferently, 
~ and believed the latter race to have come to Britain before the 
former. These views he supported by, among other arguments, 
a careful consideration of the statistics of the physical character- 
istics of the inhabitants of Great Britain, collected by Dr. Beddoe, 
President of the Anthropological Society of London, from which 
he showed that the Iberians were found in the jargest numbers in 
the southern part of the island, while the monuments were 
found throughout it, and this distribution of races seemed also 
to show that the Iberians were a later arrival than the Kymry. 
Mr. Lewis stated, however, that the statistics were not sufficiently 
numerous to be absolutely conclusive, and appealed to the mem- 
bers of the Association to assist in collecting further statistics 
of the physical eharacteristics of the inhabitants of their own 
districts. 
On the Massagete and Sace.—Mr, H.H. Howorth. Relying upon 
the Chinese authorities translated by Stanjslas Julien and V. St. 
Martin, the author identified the Massagetze with the Ta Yuetchi 
or Great Yuetchi, and the Sacz with the Sse or Szu of the Chinese 
authors. A close criticism of all the information about the Massa- 
getze and Sacze furnished by the Greeks, enabled us to say that 
they were two names for one race, or at most for two branches of 
one race, Massagetze being probably the native form, and Sacz 
its Persian equivalent. Western writers throw little light on what 
this race was. The Chinese authors prove that it was a branch 
of the Thibetan race, called by them the Khiang, which was pre- 
dominant in Central Asia before the aggrandisement of the Turks 
in the sixth century. The same authors enable us to connect the 
Massagete and Sace: with the Indo-Scyths who overthrew 
Bactria and the Greek civilisation of Asia in the second century, 
B.C. Sacz is equivalent to the Sah and Saka of the Indian 
Epics, and to the more Western Scyth, and in the .cuneiform 
inscriptions is the Aryan substitute for the Semitic Gimini, the 
Cimmerii of Herodotus. ‘These facts enable us to destroy the 
old nonsense about the Sacze and Saxons, the Massagetze and 
Goths, the Cimmerian and Welsh, having been related to one 
another. Sacze, Massagetse, and Cimmerii were all Turanians 
and in fact Thibetans. 
Mr. Dendy read a paper on Shadows of Genius. 
On the Racial Aspects of Music.—Mr. Kaines. The author 
drew attention to the settled melancholy which pervaded 
the music of the north of Europe—a characteristic not 
observable in the music of the south of Europe, or of the other 
people of the globe. He endeavoured to account for this 
physically and practically, and showed there were vast differ- 
ences in the temperaments in the peoples in the north and 
south of Europe. Of the one it might be said ‘* melancholy 
marked it for her own,” while cheeriness and brightness marked 
the other. The first seemed saddened by the mysteries of 
life, death, Co!, and immortality. Mr. Kaines noticed briefly 
the great rel g ous revolution which had taken place in Europe, 
and how it uad (probably) powerfully influenced its music. 
Protestantism broke the spell under which the human intellect 
was bound by Roman Catholicism, and enlarged the sphere o 
man’s knowledge only to show him how much there was that he 
could never know. Catholicism, in engaging to answer all the 
intellectual and moral needs of man, took from him responsi- 
bility, and gave him a restfulness to which Protestantism is a 
stranger. ‘The change from the old to the new (or rather revised) 
faith, had not been without its effect on music, and the emotional 
cravings and wild unrest which characterised the music of our 
times, might be attributable.to this cause. 
A long and interesting discussion ensued, in which Mr. James 
Smith, Dr. O’Callaghan, the Rev. Mr. Owen, Dr. Evans, 
‘Dr, Hitghmar, and others took part. 
Section E,—GErEOGRAPHY 
Mr. Winwood Reade read a paper on the Upper Waters 
of the Niger, and as we understand that he will shortly read 
a similar communication before the Geographical Society, 2 
brief abstract of his paper will be sufficient for the present. 
last year Mr. Reade made an exploring journey from Sierra 
Leone to the Niger, and visited the gold mines of Bouré, 
a country mentioned by many travellers, but which he has been 
the first to reach. Leaving Sierra Leone on January, he went 
to Falaba, as Major Laing had done before hira fifty years ago, 
though by a different route. Like Major Laing, he was detained 
at Falaba, and not permitted to pass that important town. He 
returned to Sierra Leone, bringmg with him messengers from 
the King of Falaba to the Governor of Sierra Leone, and these, 
grateful for the kindness and liberality with which they had beer 
treated, promised Mr. Reade that he should be allowed to pass 
Falaba if ever he should visit them again. He determined to 
go back with them at once. The promise was kept ; Falaba is 
only fifty miles distant from the Niger or Toliba (great river), 
and within a month after leaving Sierra Leone he reached that 
river, which has now, in its western course, been touched by 
explorers at three distinct points : by Mungo Park, at Segou, in 
1796 ; by Caillié, at Couroussa, in 1828 ; and in 1869 by Readin, 
at Farabana, where the river is only a hundred yards broad. The 
author of the paper claims to have discovered the most direce 
and the shortest route to the Western Niger. Without pre- 
suming to compare himself with such giants in travel as Park 
and Caillié, he pointed owt that while Caillié had not been able 
to reach the Niger under two months, nor Park (nor subsequently 
the followers in his footsteps, Dochard in ’21 and Mage in ’64) 
under four months, he had reached it inone month. Mr. Reade 
expressed his thanks to Mr. Swanzy, who had borne the expenses 
of his two years’ African travel; to Mr. Heddle, a merchant at 
Sierra Leone ; and to the Governor-in-Chief, Sir A. Kennedy. 
Sir H. Barkly, K.C.B., who was in the chair, haying thanked 
Mr. Reade for his paper, Mr. F. Galton made some interesting 
remarks on the Niger, and said that the discovery of its being 
only 250 miles from Sierra Leone would, without doubt, have 
an important influence on the political future of that colony. 
Lord Houghton asked why nothing had been done by the 
Sierra Leone Government during the last fifty years to explore the 
country lying interior of their colony. Mr. Reade said that he 
was unable to answer that question, but perhaps the extreme 
difficulty of getting through the coast tribes had something to do 
with it; as he had explained in his papers it cost him two jour- 
neys to make the insignificant distance of 250 miles. We may 
explain to those .who follow these abstracts with their maps that 
the position of Falaba is correct; and that Bouré or Buri (which 
is a country, not a town) is approximately correct, as laid down 
by Caillié, who passed near it. But the tract of country between 
Falaba and Caillie’s first position on the Niger (Couroussa) must 
be mapped afresh. Mr. Reade does not intend to alter the: 
position of the Niger’s source, as laid down by Major Laing 
from native information obtained by him at Falaba. He 
was prevented by the wars constantly prevailing in that region 
from visiting the source, but the information which he collected 
respecting its position confirms in all essential particulars that 
obtained in 1822 by Major Laing. 
