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NATURE 



183 



Cameron will be able ere long to solve the mystery. 

 To this river Livingstone has given the name of 

 his friend Webb, and to an important tributary from 

 a reported large lake to the west, named by Living- 

 stone Lake Lincoln, and made to join Lualuba about 

 3° S. lat., he has given the name of his staunch friend 

 " Sir Paraflln Young." Livingstone again came south 

 to Cazembc's in May 1S68. Before this all but five of 

 his men deserted to a slave party under Mohamed bin 

 Saleh, who had been detained ten years at Cazembe's, 

 and whom Livingstone helped to get off. He turned out 

 an ungrateful cheat. Continuing southwards in June, 

 Livingstone on July 18 reached Lake Bangweolo, al- 

 though he was not really its first European discoverer, 

 the Portuguese having been there long before him. 

 With difficulty obtaining a canoe, he crossed to an island 

 some miles oft" the north-west corner of the lake. The 

 latter he calculates to be about 150 miles long by So 

 broad, and is 3,688 feet above the sea. It, as well as 

 Moero, abounds in fish of a great variety of kinds, some 

 of which, no doubt, will ultimately be found new to 

 science. Livingstone had no means of bringing away 

 any specimens, and only gives the native names. As we 

 have said, the north-east, east, and south sides of the lake 

 are surrounded with " sponges," the water in many places 

 being so deep as to recjuire canoes, and is intersected by 

 the courses of many streams. On islets in this sponge 

 the villages are located. 



In connection with this "sponge" and the rainy 

 season, Livingstone enters in this part of his journal 

 on a long disquisition on the chmate of Central Africa, 

 which we recommend to the notice of meteorologists. 

 Speaking of the region around Bangweolo, he says 

 " burns {Scoiice for ' brooks ') are literally innumerable : 

 rising on ridges, they are undoubtedly the primary or 

 ultimate sources of the Zambezi, Congo, and the Nile ; 

 by their union are formed streams of from thirty to eighty 

 or one hundred yards broad, and always deep enough to 

 require either canoes or bridges. These I propose to call 

 the secondary sources, and as in the case of the Nile 

 they are drawn off by three lines of drainage, they become 

 the head waters (the capict Nili) of the river of Egypt." 

 No one had a better right to theorise on this subject 

 than Livingstone, for few had observed so much ; but it 

 may yet be found that he allowed his eagerness to settle 

 the Nile question to run away with his cooler judgment. 



After being detained near Bangweolo for some time 

 by the disturbed state of the country, he proceeded north- 

 wards in the company of some Arab traders. Still 

 further delay occurred to the north of Moero, caused by 

 the barbarity of the Arab slavers with whom he was 

 compelled to travel, and it was not till December that a 

 start in earnest was made north-eastwards to Tanganyika. 

 He became so ill on the road with pneumonia and other 

 ailments, resulting from damp and a completely enfeebled 

 constitution, that he became insensible and had to be 

 carried part of the way. The effects of this illness never 

 left him. The lake was reached in February i86g, and 

 Livingstone entered Ujiji on March 14, a "ruckle of 

 bones." Supplies had been forwarded to him here from 

 Zanzibar, but his misfurlunes were aggravated by findini; 

 that most of them had been knavishly made awa) with by 

 those to whose care they had been entrusted. 



The traveller re-crossed Tanganyika in July, and on 

 August 2 set out on a new series of discoveries to the 

 west of the lake, in a region not before visited, scarcely 

 even by the Arabs, that of the Manyuema. Through this 

 region flows into the Lualaba the large river Luamo, or 

 Luasse, or Lobumba, rising close to the west shore of 

 Tanganyika. Livingstone's object was to reach the 

 Lualaba and if possible cross to the west side. After 

 vainly trying to get west, he went into winter quarters in 

 February 1870, at Mamohela, in about 4° 20' S. lat. and 

 27" 5' E. long. Another attempt was made to reach the 

 river with only Chuma, Susi, and Gardner. He was 

 again baffled and returned to Bambarre, south-west of 

 Mamohela, in July, martyred with irritable eating ulcers 

 in the feet, which seem to be caused by some form of 

 malaria, and with which he was for long sorely troubled ; 

 he was confined to his hut for eighty days with them. 

 During his long detention here, which galled Living- 

 stone dreadfully, he records many observations of the 

 people, who certainly seem to eat human flesh, and prefer 

 it when very " high," but who were on the whole ex- 

 tremely kind to himself, notwithstanding the brutal usage 

 given them by the Arab traders, with whom the country 

 now swarmed, and who mercilessly burned villages and 

 slaughtered men, women, and children, simply to inspire 

 terror. Here Livingstone became acquainted with what 

 Mr. Waller thinks is an entirely new species of chim- 

 panzee, a remarkable animal called by the natives the 

 " Soko," possessing wonderful intelligence and having 

 some very curious habits. In February 1871, some men 

 who proved worthless scoundrels reached him from the 

 coast, and he again started for the Lualaba, which at last 

 he reached on March 29. He stayed at a village, 

 Nyangwe, for four months, vainly trying to get a canoe to 

 take him to the other side, which was here 3,000 yards 

 off, the bed of the river being dotted with many islands. 

 This Nyangwe at which Livingstone stayed is a place of 

 great interest ; a regular market is kept daily to which 

 hundreds of women from the other side flock to buy and 

 sell goats, sheep, pigs, slaves, iron, grass cloth, salt fish, 

 earthen pots, &c. The devilish treachery of the Arab 

 slavers seems to have reached its height here during 

 Livingstone's sojourn. A party under one Dugumbi?, 

 without warning or provocation, assembled one day when 

 the thronged market was at its height, and commenced 

 shooting down the poor women right and left, so that 

 between those who were shot and those who were drowned, 

 hundreds were killed, and the market completely broken 

 up. No wonder that Livingstone had " the impression 

 that he was in hell," and that his " first impulse was to 

 pistol the murderers." This of course completely knocked 

 on the head any chance which he may have had of 

 getting a canoe, and in sickening disgust he made his 

 way back to Ujiji, which he reached on October 23. 

 While returning through Manyuema, his party was 

 attacked by the enraged people, who mistook Livingstone 

 for one of the slavers, and nearly stopped his further 

 travels by a spear which grazed his back. This was the 

 only time during these last seven years' wanderings that 

 the traveller was hostilely attacked. Five days after his 

 arrival at Ujiji he was 'cheered and inspired with 

 new hfe, and completely set up again, as he said, by the 

 timely arrival of Mr. H. M. Stanley, the richly-laden 



