NATURE 



\yan. 7, 1875 



almoner of the proprietor of the New York Herald. Mr. 

 Stanley's story is known to everyone, and we need not 

 repeat it. 



With Stanley, Livingstone explored the north end of 

 Lake Tanganyika, and proved conclusively that the 

 Lusize runs into and not out of it. It will be satisfactory 

 if the discovery of an outlet on the west side, just an- 

 nounced in a despatch from Lieut. Cameron, turns out to 

 be true. In the end of the year the two started eastward for 

 Unyanyembe, where Stanley provided Livingstone with an 

 ample supply of goods. Here Stanley urged his going home, 

 but although he was now inwardly yearning to return, his 

 judgment said, " All your friends will wish you to make a 

 complete work of the exploration of the Nile before you 

 retire." To this purport also was the advice of his 

 daughter Agnes, whom he therefore calls " a chip of the 

 old block." But had his judgment been cool enough, it 

 might have told him that his constitution was so shattered 

 that it was totally unequal to a task of such magnitude. 

 The fountains he was in search of he supposed to be about 

 400 miles to the west of Lake Bangweolo. 



The rest is soon told. Stanley left on March 15, 

 and after Livingstone had wearily waited in Unyan- 

 yembe for five months, on August 15 a troop of fifty- 

 seven men and boys arrived, some of the boys being 

 Nassick pupils from Bombay, one of whom was Jacob 

 Wainwright, who afterwards acted so important a part 

 in the home-bringing of his body. Thus attended, 

 then, he started on August 25 for Lake Bangweolo, pro- 

 ceeding along the east side of Tanganyika, over rugged 

 mountains which sorely tried the endurance of himself and 

 his retinue, even though he had two donkeys to ride, a 

 present from Mr. Stanley. His weakness soon found him 

 out ; ere he reached the shore of Tanganyika his old 

 enemy dysentery seized upon him, and seems never wholly 

 to have left him, but to have got worse and worse, causing 

 him fearful suffering till the bitter end. In January 1873 

 the party got among the endless spongy jungle on the 

 shores of Bangweolo, where vexatious delays took place, 

 and where the journey was one constant wade below, and 

 under an almost endless pour of rain from above. The 

 Chambezi was crossed on March 26, and the doctor was 

 getting worse and worse, losing great quantities of blood 

 daily : but he seems never to have dreamed of turning back 

 or of resting. No idea of danger seems to have occurred 

 to him ; he had so often before got over difficulties 

 and attacks of all kinds, and he was so full of the 

 object his heart was bent on, that the idea of death does 

 not seem to have entered his head. This, we believe, 

 moreover, is a characteristic of the disease. At last, in 

 the middle of April, he was unwillingly compelled to 

 allow his men to make a kitanda, or rude litter, in which 

 he was borne to the end. Still the dreadful illness is 

 spoken of as a mere annoying hindrance. Thus, on the 

 29th of April, Chitambo's village on the Lulimala, on the 

 south of the lake, was reached. The last entry in the 

 journal, of the last two pages of which a fac-simile is 

 given, is April 27 : " Knocked up quite, and remain — 

 recover — sent to buy milch goats. We are on the banks 

 of the Molilamo." On April 30 he was careful to wind 

 his watch, but with the utmost difficulty, and early on the 

 morning of May i he was found by the boys kneeling by 

 the side of his bed, dead. 



Chitambo behaved generously, and the men, headed by 

 Chuma and Susi, acted with great intelligence, faithful- 

 ness, and discretion. Everything was carefully locked 

 up, and the story of the preparation of Livingstone's 

 body for the purpose of carrying it home to his own folk, 

 by " beekin' forenent the sun," is known to all. After a 

 five months' march through many difficulties, the atten- 

 dants reached Unyanyembe. Here Lieutenants Cameron 

 and Murphy and Dr. Dillon were met, and early this year 

 the body arrived at Zanzibar, and in the end of April 

 was deposited, as was meet, in Westminster Abbey. 



A monument with an appropriate inscription has been 

 erected to Livingstone in the Abbey ; and doubtless, in 

 time to come, a more suitable memorial will take the 

 place of that rude one placed near the spot where their 

 hero died, by the hands of his loyal and faithful attendants. 



Mr. W.-iUer, we think, has on the whole performed his 

 sacred task judiciously, printing the journals, as we have 

 said, exactly as he found them, though many of his 

 parenthetical remarks seem to us unnecessary. The maps 

 are of great assistance to the reader, and will be found ot 

 value to the geographer, although in the meantime, so 

 far as Livingstone's last journey is concerned, they must 

 be regarded as to a great extent conjectural. No doubt 

 careful criticism will soon do its work both on journal and 

 maps, and, with the help both of previous and subsequent 

 exploration, test the exact geographical value of the 

 achievements which cost Livingstone his life. The illus- 

 trations are interesting and helpful. 



BUCHANAN ON THE CIRCULATION OF THE 



BLOOD 

 The Forces which carry on the Circulation of the Blooa. 



By Andrew Buchanan, M.D. Second Edition. (London: 



J. and A. Churchill, 1874.) 



IN 'the same way that, among a priori mechanical 

 philosophers, the possibility of discovering a per- 

 petual motion was a favourite subject of discussion before 

 the development of the theory of energy, so, among 

 physiologists, the relative importance of the different 

 forces which maintain the circulation of the blood was an 

 equally common source of, speculation before the intro- 

 duction of the blood-pressure gauge and the sphygmo- 

 graph. Within the last twelve or fifteen years, however, 

 the various problems which used to occupy the attention 

 of Magendie, Arnott, and Barry have been completely 

 solved by entirely fresh methods of observation ; and 

 these, quite irrespective of their opinions, have verified 

 or disproved their theoretical deductions according to 

 whether or not they were based on sound premises. 



Dr. Buchanan devotes much of the short work before 

 us to the consideration of one of these bygone points, 

 namely, the pneumatic forces which maintain the circula- 

 tion of the blood, the importance of which he endeavours 

 to demonstrate by a series of hydraulic experiments, the 

 different elements of which are, we fear, slightly savoured 

 with the bias of preconceived notions, as the result at which 

 he arrives is that " after birth the circulation is mainly 

 carried on by two forces — the propulsive force of the 

 heart and the pressure of the atmosphere, acting nearly 

 in the proportion of three of the former to two of the 

 latter ; but that as life advances, and the quantity of 



