38 
and joined the Geological Survey about forty years ago. 
His first work was done in the north of England; he 
was afterwards transferred to Scotland, and at the 
time of his death was senior District Geologist on the 
Scottish branch of the Geological Survey. Field work 
in difficult country had an especial attraction for him, 
and the minuteness and accuracy of his mapping on 
the six-inch scale were really astonishing. For many 
years most of his time was spent in the Highlands, in 
Cowal, the Loch Maree district, western Sutherland- 
shire, Glenelg, Strathcarron, and Glen Etive. He also 
surveyed Soay and part of Skye, and for the last ten 
years he had been in charge of the survey’s work in 
Mull. Since 1901 Dr. Clough spent part of each year 
in the revision of the maps of the Scottish coalfields, 
and at first in the Lothian coalfield, later in the 
Wishaw, Holytown, and Bo’ness coalfields, he produced 
maps of unrivalled detail and completeness. Of late 
years he was in charge of the revision of the North 
Ayrshire field, and himself mapped the Kilmarnock 
district. A man of singular gentleness, patience, and 
modesty, Dr. Clough was beloved by all with whom 
he came in contact. Most of his contributions to 
geology have been published in survey memoirs. The 
Geological Society in 1906 awarded him the Murchison 
medal. In July of the present year the University of 
St. Andrews conferred on him the honorary degree of 
LL.D. He was a past-president of the Edinburgh 
Geological Society. 
Many readers of Nature will have read with regret 
of the death, at the age of 62, of Mr. F. W. Frankland 
on July 23, at New York. Mr. Frankland 
was the eldest son of the late Sir Edward Frankland, 
K.C.B., F.R.S.; his brilliant career as a student at 
University College, London, was cut short by a break- 
down in health in consequence of which he was recom- 
mended to proceed to New Zealand in 1875. On re- 
covery he turned his great mathematical talents to 
account by entering the newly created Government 
Insurance Department of that colony, ultimately be- 
coming Government Insurance Commissioner and 
Government Actuary and Statist and Registrar of 
Friendly Societies of New Zealand. He represented 
New Zealand as statistical delegate at the International 
Congress of Hygiene and Demography held in London 
in 1891. At University College, Frankland was one 
of the late Prof. W. K. Clifford’s most distinguished 
students, and enjoyed a close intellectual intimacy both 
with him and with Herbert Spencer, and although the 
academic career for which he was so eminently fitted 
had been rendered impossible by his ill-health, he con- 
tinued throughout life zealously to pursue his mathe- 
matical and philosophical studies and speculations. 
Already as a student in 1870 he had, independently 
of Clifford, arrived at that theory, or doctrine, of 
existence known as ‘“‘mind-stuff,” a paper on which 
he communicated to the Wellington (N.Z.) Philo- 
sophical Society in 1879; another paper, entitled ‘On 
the Metaphysic of Space,” was communicated tb the 
now defunct Philosophical Society of London, of which 
he became a member in 1885. He later evolved a 
theory of time in which he contended that time, like 
all else, has existence only in minds, and that the 
time-process is the dialectical concatenation of a series 
of ‘atomic nows"’ in the universe of awareness. In 
his mathematical speculations he was more especially 
drawn into the transcendental geometry of Lobatchew- 
sky and Riemann, and in this domain he contributed 
papers ‘‘On the Simplest Continuous Manifoldness of 
Two Dimensions and of Finite Extent”’ to the London 
Mathematical Society (vol. viii., No. 107), and on the 
“Theory of Discrete Manifolds’’ to the American 
Mathematical Society in 1897. Always alive to the 
possibility of the scientific expansion and improvement 
NO. 2446, VoL. 98] 
NATUR 
[SEPTEMBER 14, 1916 
in life insurance methods, Frankland originated and 
introduced in New Zealand the regulation that in the 
registration of the deaths of males the particulars of 
the family left should also be recorded, and the data 
so obtained have been found of great value by 
actuaries at home and elsewhere. His original views 
on a great variety of subjectseare briefly outlined in 
“Thoughts on Ultimate Problems,” published by David 
Nutt. 
WE notice with regret the report from’ the Chris- 
tiania correspondent of the Morning Post that Prof. 
H. Mohn, the well-known meteorologist, died on Sep- 
tember 12, at eighty years of age. 
Tue death is announced, in his seventy-fourth year, 
of Mr. G. A. Hill, who was a tutor in chemistry at 
Harvard from 1865 to 1871, and assistant-professor of 
physics from 1871 to 1876. From 1898 to 1914 he was 
director of the Nolan laboratory for college preparation 
in physics and chemistry. He was the author, and 
joint author, of several text-books in mathematics and 
physics. 
Mr. Lansinc, the American Secretary of State, has 
formally announced the signature of a Treaty with 
Great Britain for the protection of migratory birds. 
It will apply mainly to the migration of game and 
insect-eating birds from the United States to Canada. 
This is the first Treaty of the kind into which the 
American Government has entered. 
News has been received in America of the deatk 
of Mr. W. S. Lyon, the leading authority on botany 
and horticulture in the Philippine Islands, where he 
had been living since 1902. He had previously served 
as head of the California State Board of Forestry, and 
while holding this position had made, at the request of 
Prof. Asa Gray, a complete and valuable collection 
of the flora of the Catalina Islands. 
Mr. R. F. Griccs, who has béen making an ex- 
pedition to the Katmai volcano in the interests of the 
American Geographic Society, has returned to Kodiak, 
Alaska, and reports that its main crater is one of the 
largest in the world. It is miles across, and extends 
down thousands of feet to a blue-green lake, shimmer- 
ing and sputtering at the bottom. The most wonder- 
ful of all sights at the crater was a place where a 
glacier, blown in two by the great eruption in June, 
1912, still formed part of the crater wall, the intense 
heat being insufficient to melt this palisade of ice. 
Part of the crater wall is composed of igneous rock 
of brilliant colour. 
Six members of the Stefansson Arctic Expedition, 
under the leadership of Dr. Rudolph Anderson, have 
arrived at Nome, all of them in good physical condi- 
tion. They reported that Stefansson himself is re- 
maining in the Arctic to continue his exploration of the 
land he has discovered north of Prince Patrick Land, 
and that he is not likely to return during the present 
season. He left Dr. Anderson’s party to the south of 
these lands that they might explore more thoroughly 
the Canadian continental line. They have mapped 
the coast-line from the Cape Parry Peninsula for a 
considerable distance east, and have made topograph- 
ical and geological surveys of a huge region which lies 
half-way between northern Alaska and the outlet of 
Hudson Bay. Sir John Franklin’s charts have been 
corrected, large copper fields have been discovered, and 
ethnological and other scientific information has been 
obtained. , 
Asout forty years ago a series of primitive mining 
implements was discovered in the old copper mines 
at Alderley Edge, Cheshire, which excited great 
