202 
in preference to the tissues in general indicates some 
special bond between them, some quality which is not 
shared by .the unaffected parts of the body. [| have, 
therefore, not differentiated between excitation and de- 
pression in discussing this relation. It seems probable 
that in this instance and in others the difference in the 
effect of these bodies in the tissues arises from differ- 
ences in the behaviour of the molecule as a whole rather 
than in differences in the affinities of its special parts; 
that is, that the action of these poisons is due to their 
physical properties rather than to their chemical struc- 
ture, although this, of course, is the final determining 
cause. 
In the same way the common reaction of tissues, 
which I have so far ascribed to their possessing some 
substance in common, may arise from community of 
physical relationship, and I wish to avoid the implica- 
tion borne by the word “substance,’’ which J] have 
used in the widest sense. The reaction of living tissue 
to chemical agents may arise from a specific arrange- 
ment in its molecule, but may equally be attributed to 
the arrangement of the molecules themselves. And the 
curious relationships in the reactions of different tissues 
may indicate, not any common chemical factor, but a 
common arrangement of the aggregate molecules. We 
are far from being able to decide with even a show 
of probability which of these alternatives is the correct 
one, and my object to-day has been to direct attention 
to these relationships rather than to attempt their 
elucidation. 
UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL 
INTELLIGENCE. 
BirMIncHAM.—The Vice-Chancellor, Lieut.-Col. Gil- 
bert Barling, has been appointed consulting surgeon 
to the British Forces in France, and left Birmingham 
on November 1 to take up his duties. For, some time 
past Col. Barling has acted as a consulting surgeon 
in the Southern Command. During his absence from 
Birmingham, which will extend over some months, his 
duties at the University will be discharged by Alder- 
man F. C. Clayton, pro-Vice-Chancellor. 
CaMBRIDGE.—The Vice-Chancellor has appointed 
Dr. R. T. Glazebrook to the offices of reader on Sir 
Robert Rede’s foundation for the ensuing year. 
Mr. W. G. Palmer, who obtained first-class honours 
in both parts of the Natural Science Tripos, 1913-14, 
with distinction in chemistry, and was awarded the 
Hutchinson Studentship, has been elected to a fellow- 
ship at St. John’s College. 
Capt. E. Hindle, assistant to the Quick Professor of 
Biology, and formerly Beit Fellow for Medical Re- 
search, has been elected to the recently founded 
Charles Kingsley Lectureship in Natural Sciences at 
Magdalene College. 
Lonpon.—Lieut.-Col. H. R. Kenwood, professor of 
hygiene and public health in the University of Lon- 
don, will deliver a public lecture at University College, 
Gower Street, on ‘‘ Hygiene: Some Lessons of the 
War,” on Friday,* November 17, at 5.30 p.m. The 
chair will be taken at this lecture by Surgeon-General 
‘Sir Alfred Keogh, Director-General, Army Medical 
Service. The lecture is open to the public without fee 
or ticket. 
Oxrorp.—The Rhodes Estate Bill, having now 
passed the Committee stage, has been reported to’ the 
House of Commons in its original form. Lord Hugh 
Cecil’s suggestion, which met with some approval in 
Oxford, that the trustees should be left free, if they 
thought fit, to establish scholarships available to per- 
sons within or without the British Empire, did not 
prove acceptable to the trustees, who preferred to be 
NO. 2454, VOL. 98] 
NATURE 
[NovEMBER 9, 1916 4 
left without discretion in the matter. It was explained 
by Lord Milner that unless it were clearly laid down — 
that the new scholarships should only be tenable by 
students within the Empire, much disappointment — 
would be caused to applicants, from other countries. — 
Many will think this scarcely a sufficient reason for — 
the trustees to wish to have their hands tied in the 
way proposed by the Bill. % 
We learn from Wednesday’s Times that: Mr. H. 
Laming has just given 10,0001. to Queen’s College, Ox- 
ford, to establish four scholarships of 1ool. per annum, 
tenable for either three or four years, one to be offered 
each year. The scholars will, as a rule, be expected 
to take the Russian language for their honours degree, 
The idea is to provide a university course for candi- 
dates intending to follow a business career or to enter 
the consular service, and it is hoped that the scholar- 
ships may lead to a higher social and _ intellectual 
standard prevailing in those careers. 
Notice has just been given of the next triennial © 
prize at Guy’s Hospital under the will of the late 
Sir Astley Cooper. The prize, the value of which is 
300l., will be awarded to the author of the best essay 
or treatise on ‘‘Gunshot Wounds of the Lungs and 
Pleura.’ The competition is open to all, with the 
exception of the staffs of Guy’s and St. Thomas’s 
Hospitals and their relatives. The competing essays, 
written in English, must be sent to Guy’s Hospital 
on or before January 1, 1919. Further particulars. of 
the competition may be obtained from Mr, C. H. 
Fagge, Guy’s Hospital, S.E. 
Tue main thesis put forward by Mr. James Swin- 
burne in a lecture on “Science and Industry,” de- 
livered at King’s College, London, on November 1, 
Lord Moulton being in the chair, was that tech- ~ 
nology or applied science was outside the province 
of university teachers, who should concern themselves 
with imparting a knowledge of properties and prin- 
ciples, which they are eminently capable of doing, and 
leave the manufacturer to work out his own problems, 
of which academic people can have only second-hand 
knowledge. Mr. Swinburne understands, of course, 
that many great industrial advances have had their 
origin in what he called academic science, but what 
he wished particularly to emphasise was the difference 
between laboratory conditions and operations on an 
industrial scale brought to the point of commercial 
success. Purely scientific research must be free and 
independent, with the advancement of knowledge as © 
its sole aim; but the manufacturer is only interested 
as a man of business in research which will give him 
financial advantage. Scientific knowledge is gained 
for the benefit of whomsoever may care to make use 
of it, whereas trade processes are kept secret or pro- 
tected from adoption by industrial competitors by 
means of patents. The university should train workers 
in research methods, but the practical needs of indus- 
try can be understood only in the works themselves. 
Lord Moulton, in his remarks upon Mr. Swinburne’s 
address, said that Mr. Swinburne was “ picturesquely 
wrong” in the sharp distinction made by him between 
academic and technological science. It may also be 
suggested that the view that manufacturers are able 
to look after their own problems and _ interests 
assumes that they possess the necessary scientific know- 
ledge, which, to say the least, is an assumption that 
will not admit of general application in this country. 
Instead of insisting upon the divorce between univer- 
sity science and technology, what should be encouraged 
is systematic exchange between academic and indus- 
trial posts, so that men may leave professorial chairs 
