92 MESSRS. WATSON AND YOUNG ON THE [Jatl. 14, 



Tlie massetnr is also very lara;e ; its attachments are as usual in 

 Carnivores. Dr. Murie states that in H. hrunnea "the masseter is 

 clearly divisible into two layers, notwithstanding Meckel's assertion 

 that this is less marked in the Hysena than in the Cat." H. crocuta 

 bears out the assertion of Meckel. 



Of the two pterygoid muscles the internal is by far the largest. 

 Arising from the external surface of the pterygoid bone, it is inserted 

 into the ramus of the mandible, as also into its angular process. 



The external pterygoid arises immediately above the internal, and 

 passes to the neck of the lower jaw. Compared with the internal 

 ptervgoid, to which, by reason of an upward direction of its fibres, it 

 is apparently antagonistic, this muscle is very small. Meckel notes 

 a similar condition of the pterygoid in Carnivora generally. 



The superficial muscles of the external ear are as follows : — ^zygo- 

 matico-auricularis from the zygoma to base of concha ; temporo-auri- 

 cularis externvs, the origin of which is blended with the posterior 

 belly of the occipito-frontalis just in front of the ear, inserted into 

 the anterior margin of the conchal cartilage ; temporo-auricularis in- 

 fernus from the temporal fascia immediately above zygoma to the 

 inner side of concha. 



Cervico-anricularis (superficial), narrow and riband-like from the 

 ligamentum nuchpe to back of concha. Deep cervico-auricularis 

 arises broad and fleshy from the temporal fascia close to the spine 

 of occiput. It is inserted into the projecting part of conchal cartilage. 

 There are also well-marked sen to-auricular es (internal and external), 

 and, in addition, certain intrinsic muscles, of which the best-marked 

 are a vertical muscle of the concha running on the dorsum towards 

 the tip, and two transverse muscles. 



Sterno-masf aid urises in common with its fellow, to which it remains 

 united for a little distance in front of the prosternum. It divides at 

 once into two parts, of which the larger and internal decussates with 

 the corresponding fibres of the opposite muscle as far forward as the 

 larynx, and is finally inserted into the base of the mastoid process ; 

 whilst the smaller and more external part runs forward to end in the 

 deep cervical fascia, and through it is attached to the occiput. This 

 donlile character of the sterno-mastoid is remarked in H. striata and 

 H. brunnea by Meckel and Murie respectively. It is also figured in 

 the 'Recueil' (pi. 137) of Cuvier and Laurillard. 



In (yivet there is a cleido-mastoid entirely separate from the sterno- 

 mastoid. 



Digastric, as usual from the temporal bone, passes to the middle 

 third of the inferior border of the lower jaw. 



The sterno-hyoid and sterno-thyroid muscles arise close together 

 from the thoracic surface of tlie sternum ; quite separate they pass 

 forwards, and have their usual insertions. A thyro-hyoid exists, and 

 has the ordinary attachments ; the crico-thyroideus is well marked. 

 The omo-hyoid is absent, as in the Cat, Dog, Civet, and apparently in 

 the majority of Carnivores. IMeckel, however, affirms its existence 

 as a small muscle in //. striata ; it is not referred to by Murie in 

 H. brunnea. 



