•87!).] ANATOMY OF HY.ENA CROCUTA. 101 



vertebree and terminates by a tendon which, blending with the fascia 

 lata immediately above the knee-joint, is continuous with the biceps 

 flexor cruris. 



The gluteus medius, as usual, exceeds in bulk the so-called maxi- 

 mus. It arises from the external surface of the iliac bone and from 

 the fascia covering the muscle, and is inserted into the outer surface 

 of the great trochanter of the femur. 



Perfectly distinct, the gluteus miniimis arises behind the last- 

 mentioned muscle from the gluteal surface of the ilium and from the 

 dorsum acetabuli. Its insertion is into the autero-external border of 

 the great trochanter. The muscle is partially divisible into two, the 

 posterior fibres passing to their insertion on a deeper plane than the 

 anterior. 



A fourth gluteus {gluteus quartus) arises from the anterior border 

 of the acetabulum over the reflected tendon of the rectus femoris, 

 and is inserted iuto the middle of the anterior intertrochanteric hue. 

 This muscle appears to have been first described by Douglas in the 

 Dog, under the name of " musculus parvus in articulatione femoris 

 situs." Its existence in //. striata is noted by Meckel, and in the 

 Civet by Macalister ("gluteus quintus ") and ourselves. 



The pyriformis \\ci.s oxA^m from the middle third of the ventral 

 surface of the sacrum, and, running quite distinct and separate, is 

 inserted into the great trochanter. Meckel found it in H. striata, 

 but notes its absence in the Bear. It exists as a distinct muscle in 

 the Civet. 



Obturator internus, which arises as usual, after emergino- from 

 the pelvic cavity, is accompanied to its termination by two well- 

 marked and strong gemelli. The common insertion is into the tro- 

 chanteric fossa. 



The obturator exlernus arises from the obturator-membrane and 

 its bony boundary. It is also inserted iuto the trochanteric fossa of 

 the femur. 



Quadratus femoris is from the outer border of the ischial tubero- 

 sity to the posterior border of the great trochanter. 



The above five muscles are similarly arranged in the Carnivora 

 generally. 



Of the hamstring-muscles the semimembranosus is quite insepa- 

 rable from the adductor magnus, in the description of which it is 

 therefore included. To a more or less marked degree this union of 

 the muscles is, according to Meckel, usual in Carnivores. He states, 

 however, that in the Hyaena, Bear, Raccoon, and Coati the semimem- 

 branosus exists as a distinct muscle. We have also found it quite 

 separate throughout in Viverra, though in this animal Macalister 

 states the contrary to be the case. This latter observer further notes 

 its separate character in the Tayra. 



The semitendiiiosus arises from the iscliial tuberosity, and is in- 

 serted into the internal surface of the shaft of the tibia near its su- 

 perior extremity. Meckel found the insertion of this muscle to be 

 lower in H. striata than is the case in H. crocuta ; whilst in the 

 Cynoids and Arctoids it is still lower down than in the Hyaena. 



