1879.] ANATOMY OF HY^NA CROCUTA. 103 



is inserted iiito the whole length of the Hnea aspera, as well as into 

 the internal of its lower bifurcations. 



Rectus femoris is tolerably well developed. It originates partly 

 from the anterior (inferior) spinous process of the ilium, and also by 

 a well-marked reflected tendon from the dorsum acetabuli. In the 

 Civet the two heads exist as usual, whilst in //. striata Meckel found 

 that the two heads of origin were not distinct. The muscle termi- 

 nates in the usual manner. 



The vasti muscles, as in H. striata, are hardly separable. They 

 form a large muscular mass which arises from the upper half of the 

 shaft of the femur, and, with the rectus femoris and the straight 

 fibres of the sartorius, are inserted into the anterior tubercle of the 

 tibia. 



Crureus is absent or is not to be differentiated from the vasti. 



In the Civet there is a much more strongly marked distinction 

 between these deeper heads of the quadriceps extensor. 



Gastrocnemius, well developed, arises by two heads as usual ; its 

 insertion below is into the os calcis. 



The soleus is wanting. In this respect H. crocuta agrees with H. 

 striata and with the Dog and Cat\ but contrasts strongly with the 

 Civet, in which the soleus exists as a separate nmscle throughout. 

 It is also present in the Bear. 



Plantaris. — This arises along with, but internal to the external 

 head of origin of the gastrocnemius. Its tendon joins that of the 

 latter muscle low down, close to the os calcis, and is inserted with it. 

 The plantaris-tendon is not continued into the sole, either as the 

 plantar fascia or as the flexor brevis digitorum. lu the Civet the 

 plantaris is comparatively large, and its tendon does not end at the 

 OS calcis, but, expanding somewhat, runs over the tuberosity of that 

 bone to become continuous with the flexor brevis digitorum. Meckel 

 notes a similar prolongation of the muscle into the foot in H. striata. 



Po;pliteus is from the external femoral condyle. Its insertion is into 

 the posterior surface of the tibia above the oblique line, and further, 

 extending halfway down the shaft. It is similarly arranged in H. 

 striata and the Civet. 



The tibialis posticus, as usual in Carnivores, is small but normal. 

 Very thin and slender in H. crocuta, it arises below the popliteus 

 from the middle third of the postero-internal border of the tibia. 

 Its tendon is inserted into the scaphoid and entocuueiform bones. 



The long flexor of the toes {perforans), representing the conjoined 

 flexor longus hallucis &\\A flexor longus dic/itorum of human anatomy, 

 arises by two heads, of which the internal {flexor longus digitorum) 

 is small and springs from the head of the fibula and intermuscular 

 septa separating it from neighbouring muscles. The external head 

 (flexor longus hallucis) is much larger ; it arises from the superior 

 extremity and upper half of the shaft of fibula, from a corresponding 

 extent of tibia, and from the interosseous membrane. Each of these 

 heads terminates on a distinct tendon, which, passing through a 

 separate sheath in the annular ligament, unite in the sole of the foot 



' ChauTcaii's ' Comparative Anatoiuy,' ti'anelated b_v Fleming, p. 309. 



