302 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE ANATOMY OF TUPAIA. [Mar. 18, 



by the side of its companion, at the tip of a small and slender 

 pointed papilla situated just behind the symphysis of the lower 

 jaw. The sublingual glands form a linear chain along the floor of 

 the mouth. 



The tongue, which is rounded at its tip, is l - 3 inch in length 

 and - 35 inch broad, having its margins nearly parallel. Its upper 

 surface is covered with filiform papillae, among which are scattered 

 papillae fungiformes, very much in the same proportion as in the 

 Ruminantia. There are three conspicuous circumvallate papill&e, 

 arranged in the usual V-shaped manner. 



A rudimentary unfringed sublingua exists, which is lanceolate in 

 contour, just free at its margins, and with a strongly marked median 

 raphe. It much resembles the same structure in Cheiromys '. Dr. 

 Cantor says of the same organ in Tupaia ferruyinea " that " on 

 the lower surface of the tongue the free num. is continued to within 

 a short distance of the apex, in a raised line, on either side of which 

 the skin is thickened, fringed at the edges, and thus presenting a 

 rudimentary sublingual appendage, somewhat similar to that ob- 

 served in Nycticebus tardigradus, though in Tupaia ferruyinea the 

 fringes of the margin only are free, the rest being attached to the 

 tongue, but easily detached by a knife." 



The palate is transversely grooved, presenting upon its surface 

 seven strong curved ridges, convex forward, and a small median in- 

 cisor pad at its anterior end. The soft palate is smooth and lengthy, 

 with no indication of the existence of a uvula. 



The oesophagus has no free course in the abdominal cavity, being 

 embraced by the diaphragm quite close to the cardiac orifice of the 

 stomach. 



The stomach is subglobose, with the cardiac and pyloric extre- 

 mities approximate. When laid out flat its circumference is 6'2 

 inches, the interval between the axis of the oesophageal tube and that 

 of the commencing duodenum being - 9 inch. The squamous 

 epithelium of the oesophagus does not enter the stomach, but ceases 

 at its orifice, as in man. The gastric walls are simple, except that 

 there are somewhat larger glands, in patches, on the anterior 

 (ventral) surface. 



The liver has no umbilical fissure, whilst both lateral fissures are 

 strongly marked. There is a cystic fissure, at the bottom of which 

 the fundus of the gall-bladder reaches the diaphragmatic surface of 

 the organ. The left lateral, with its irregular inner margin, is the 

 largest of the lobes ; next comes the riyht central, on the visceral 

 surface of which the imbedded gall-bladder lies diagonally. The 

 riyht lateral lobe is slightly larger than the left central, and the 

 caudate lobe but little smaller, whilst the Spigelian is a small sub- 

 circular mass of hepatic tissue supported on a very slender stem. 

 The bile and pancreatic ducts open together into the duodenum 

 half an inch from the pylorus. 



The walls of the intestines are thin. The small intestine is 29*25 



1 Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. pi. 24. figs. 8 & 9. 



2 Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1840, p. 189, vol. xv. 



