430 MR. W. A. FORBES ON THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. [May 6, 



but quite impermeable. The aorta gives off an innominate artery, 

 which is only an inch long and then divides into right brachial and 

 right and left carotids. The left brachial is given off immediately 

 after the innominate. This agrees with the descriptions of E. indicus as 

 given by Hunter, Owen, Vulpian and Philipeaux, Watson, and Miall 

 and Greenwood. On the other hand, Cuvierand Mayer found three 

 trunks, namely two brachials and a common carotid. I found no 

 " arteria thyroidea inferior simplex " coming off from the point of 

 division of the two carotids, such as is figured by Mayer (I. c. pi. 11. 

 fig. .3) and Watson (Journ. Anat. & Phys. vi. pi. vi. fig. 1). The 

 weight of the heart and great vessels, cut short and cleaned of 

 blood, was 7 lb. There was no os cordis ; and the same was the case 

 in Perrault's specimen ; nor is any such bone recorded in E. indicus 

 by recent anatomists. 



Respiratory System. — The lungs were very simple in form, each 

 lung being undivided and bluntly triangular in general outline, the left 

 being shorter and broader. In the uudistended state they measured 

 as follows : — Right lung 23 inches long by 1 2 broad, left 2 1 inches 

 by 14. I found no accessory lobe on the right side, such as has 

 been observed by some anatomists in E. indicus. There is no extra 

 bronchus. 



The trachea is short, measuring about a foot in length, and not 

 quite two inches in external diameter. It is composed of 28 rings, 

 which are nearly complete, leaving hardly any space behind between 

 their ends. They vary considerably in size in different parts of their 

 circumference. The first three riugs, as in E. indicus, are truncated 

 obliquely behind, the space so formed being covered in by the body 

 of the cricoid cartilage. 



The larynx (fig. C, p. 431) is of considerable size. The epiglottis, 

 when covered by its soft parts, is short, thick, and rounded. The 

 thyroid consists of two rhomboidal wings, 4 inches long, and 3| deep, 

 which are united in front superiorly for about one inch, the deep and 

 narrow notch left between the remaining part of the wings being filled 

 up by connective tissue. The superior cornua are short and scarcely 

 project. The posterior are about one inch long, and are directed 

 downwards and forwards ui close proximity with the body of the 

 thyroid cartilage, to which they are attached by connective tissue. 

 The postero-inferior angle of the thyroid cartilage also develops an 

 articular facet ; and this is enclosed with that of the posterior cornu, 

 in the common capsule of the crico-thyroid articulation. The cricoid 

 (see fig. 6) is of the usual type. Its anterior part is 1 inch deep, 

 the posterior (somewhat pentagonal) part 2 inches. The processes for 

 articulation with the thyroid stand out in a step-like way, and are 

 more or less clearly divided into two facets, corresponding to the 

 double articulating surfaces of the thyroid. 



The arytasnoids (see fig. 6) are vertically elongated. Each measures 

 about 2| inches long by \h broad. They have a conspicuous, ver- 

 tically directed, raised spine-like process, and a large notch behind 

 the supero-posterior angle. The cartilage of each side articulates 

 with its fellow both above and below this notch. The processus 

 vocalis is short and blunt. The true vocal cords are well-marked 



