J 880.] ON THE DURATION OF LIFE IN ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. 299 



Fig. 3. Tlie same, x4. Showing the sac filled with spermatic coil. 



4. Spermatophores as seen lying within the siJermatheca of A. yigas, X ^^ 



5. The cervicorn processes of the capreolus of A. gigas, var. minor, X 20. 



6. Jiinctiou of the spermatheca and oviduct in A. gigas, x4. 



7. The amatory organ or dart-sac, cut open, exposing the dart, much en- 



larged. 



8. Grenerative organs oi A. gigas. var. minor, nat. size. 



Plate XXVII. 



Fig. 1. Animal of Girasia brmmea, Godw.-Aust., from nature, nat. size. 



2. Spirit-specimen, G. hoo/ceri, Gray. View of right side, nat. size, 



3. The same. View of left side, nat. size, x points where muscles are 



attached internally. 



4. Mantle showing lobes, respiratory and anal orifices, enlarged. 



5. Portion of the foot, showing segmentation, of G. shiUongensis. 



6. Generative organs of G. sJullongends, G.-A., nat. size. 



7. The ovo-testes and hermaphrodite duct to the albumen gland in G. 



bnmnca, X4. 



7 a- Ovo-testis under higher power. 



8. The capreolus or spermatojDhore of G. shiUongensis, X4. 



8 a. One of its branch-like processes broken off, X 20. 

 8 6. Terminal point, X50. 



9. Jaw of A. gigas, var. minor, xS. 



10. Teeth of the odontophore in same species, X340. C'= central : M= 

 median ; Z/=lateral. 



2. On the Duration of Life of the Animals in the Zoological 

 Garden at Prankfort-on-the-Main. By Director Dr, 

 Max Schmidt. 



[Eeceived March 18, 1880.] 



He who has occupied himself with the rearing and keeping of ani- 

 mals, is well aware of the care and attention that are needful to succeed, 

 and that, in spite of the greatest pains, he is not always free from 

 failure. The director of a zoological garden has more occasion than 

 other persons to make this exjaerience. His wards, so manifold 

 in shape, constitution, and disposition, require every moment his 

 circumspection, precaution, and perseverance. Again and again he 

 is compelled to devise new means of relief and expedients to pre- 

 serve the feeble health and the so-easily-destroyed life of the poor 

 creatures that come to his hands, often heavily damaged by con- 

 veyance. Many a time he would be happy to avail himself of the 

 experience of others; but he misses sadly all literary resources; 

 for although, in the course of the last 20 years, zoological gardens 

 of considerable account have been established in different parts of 

 the continent, subsidiary books and periodicals, containing com- 

 munications about particulars of importance for the keeping and 

 management of animals, are very scarce. 



The Zoological Society in Frankfort-on-the-Main early conceived 

 the importance of such publications, and i'or this purpose founded the 

 professional newspaper the ' Zoological Garden,' which has arrived at 



