1880.] PAL^ARCTIC AND ETHIOPIAN TOADS. 569 



8. BuFO VULGARIS, Laurenti. 



Bu,o terrestris. Rose], Hist. Ran. p. 85, pi. 20-21 (1758). 



Rana bufo, Linne, Syst. Nat. r2th ed. i. p. 354 (1766). 



Rana rubeta, Linne, /. c. p. 354. 



Bufo vulgaris, Laurenti, Syn. Rept. p. 28 & 125 (1768) ; Daudin, 

 Hist. Rain. Gren. Crap. p. 72, pi. 24 (1802) ; Daudin, Hist. 

 Rept. viii. p. 139 (1803) ; Eichwald, Zool. spec. Ross. Polon. p. 167 

 (1831); Bonaparte, Faun. Ital. (1832); Bell, Brit. Rept. p. 105 

 (1839) ; Dumeril & Bibron, Erp. Gen. viii. p. 671 (1841) ; Guiche- 

 not, Expl. Sc. Alg. Rept. p. 27 (1850) ; Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal. 

 p. 55 (1858) ; Straudi, Mem. Ac. Sc. St. Petersb. ser. 7. vii. p. 79 

 (1863); Guiither, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 419 (1864); Fatio, Vert. 

 Suisse, iii. p. 587 (1872) ; Lataste, Herp. Gir. p. 283, pi. xi. (1876) ; 

 Schreiber, Herp. Eur. p. 134 (1875); De Betta, Faun. Ital. Rett. 

 Anf. p. 72 (1875) ; Leydig, An. Batr. p. 12 (1877); Lessona, Atti 

 Ac. Lincei, Mem. CI. Sc. Fis. etc. i. p. 1080, pi. iv. (1877). 



Bufo cinereus, Schneider, Hist. xVmph. f. i. p. 185 (1799); Daudin, 

 Hist. Rain. Gren. Crap. p. 73, pi. 25 (1802) ; Daudin, Hist. Rept. 

 viii. p. 141 (1803); Merrem, Syst. Amph. p. 182(1820). 



Bufo rubeta, Schneider, I. c. p. 227. 



Bufo roeselii, Daudin, Hist. Rain. Gren. Crap. p. 77, pi. 27 

 (1802); Daudin, Hist. Rept. viii. p. 150, pi. 96 (1803). 



Bufo ventricosus, Daudin, Hist. Rain. Gren. Crap. p. 83, pi. 30 

 (1802) ; Daudin, Hist. Rept. viii. p. IGS (1803) ; Merrem, Syst. 

 Amph. p. 131 (1820). 



Bufo spinosus, Daudin, Hist. Rept. viii. p. 199 (1803). 



Bufo pahnarum, Cuvier, Regne Anim. 2nd ed. ii. p. 109 (1829). 



Bufo colchicus, Eichwald, Zool. spec. Ross. Polon. p. 167 (1831), 



Bufo vulgaris japonicus, Schlegel, Faun. Japon. Rept. p. 106, pi. ii. 

 (1833) ; Lataste, Le Naturaliste, 2nd year, p. 219 (1880). 



Bufo gargarizans, Cantor, Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. ix. p. 483 

 (1842). 



Bufo commutatus, Steenstrup, Ber. 24. Versamml. deutsch. Naturf. 

 etc. Kiel, p. 134 (1846). 



Bufo griseus, Hallovyell, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 506. 



Bufo japonicus, Camerano, Atti Ac. Sc. Torino, xiv. p. 884 

 (1879). 



Characters. — Crown of the head without bony ridges. Snout 

 short, blunt. Interorbital space broad. Tympanum small, round, 

 often indistinct. Parotoids elliptic, rather elongate, very prominent. 

 Fingers rather short, with two-rowed subarticular tubercles, first ex- 

 tending scarcely beyond second. Hind limbs moderate; no large 

 gland on the calf ; no tarsal fold ; toes moderate, at least half-webbed, 

 with two-rowed subarticular tubercles. Upper parts with more or 

 less prominent indistinctlj' porous warts. Above brown- or blackish- 

 spotted ; parotoids blackish-margined. Beneath whitish, more or 

 less black- spotted. Male without vocal sac. 



Proc. Zool. Soc— 1880, No. XXXVIII. 38 



