44 FOREST TREES OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE. 



other essential difference between trees bearing cones so dissimilar in color. 

 The cones are from 2J to about 5J inches long and from li to about 2 inches 

 thick. The ends of the cone scales, after shedding their seed (mainly in 

 September), are russet-brown and shiny. After this the cones begin falling, 

 and by early winter they are all down. A characteristic of the cone in break- 

 ing away from the branch is that some of the basal scales are left on the tree. 

 The Seeds (fig. 13, ft) are marked with purple spots and blotches on a dull 

 yellowish ground ; the wings are light purple-brown. Seed leaves, 5 to 9. 

 Wood, very variable in color, from a pale lemon yellow to an orange brown or 

 reddish yellow. Wood, usually rather light, fine-grained, and sometimes so 

 light and so slightly resinous as to be sold as lumber for " white pine ; " of high 

 commercial value. 



Longevity. — A long-lived tree, attaining an age of from 350 to 500 years. 



RANGE. 



From southern British Columbia to Lower California and northern Mexico, including 

 its Rocky Mountain form (P. ponderosa scopulorum) , occurring in every State west of 

 the Great Plains and one hundredth meridian. 



British Columbia. — East of Eraser River and south of " Chasm," near Clinton and 

 Great Shuswap Lake (latitude 51° 30') to Gold and Selkirk ranges; in Columbia- 

 Kootenai Valley to head of Upper Columbia Lake, to head of Lower Arrow Lake, and 

 along Kootenai Lake to Canadian line. 



Washington. — East of Cascades, between 1,800 to 3,300 feet — sometimes up to 6,000 

 feet, and nearly to sea level on Columbia River in Cascades. West of Cascades, limited 

 to following localities : Dry slopes 2,000 to 5,000 feet above Lightning Creek in Upper 

 Skagit River basin, and gravelly prairies near Roy and Hillhurst (Pierce Countyl, south 

 of Tacoma. East of Cascades (Washington National Forest), at 1,500 to 3,000 feet 

 leaching 1,100 feet on Lake Chelan and 6,000 feet at head of Poison Creek and Chelan 

 Range; southern part of Forest, watersheds of Entiat, Wenache, and Yakima rivers at 

 200 to 5,500 feet. Rainier National Forest, at 400 to 6,200 feet. Colville National Forest 

 (northeastern part of State), below 4.000 feet; noted in valleys of Trout Creek, West 

 Fork of Sans Poil River, and on Kettle River. Blue Mountains (Wenaha National For- 

 est.), at 1,500 to 4,000 feet. Limits on west and north sides of Columbia and Snake 

 rivers as follows: At southwest, to Bickleton and Cleveland i Klickitat County), and 

 upper west slopes Yakima River north and northeast to Ellensburg (Kittatas County i ; 

 sometimes reappearing on latter river along Northern Pacific Railroad, along both sides 

 of Columbia River — Yakima River Divide, below 5,000 feet, sometimes down to Columbia 

 River bottom, southward at least to Priest Rapids. Chelan. Okanogan and Ferry coun- 

 ties, nearly to Columbia River and often on opposite slopes. Lincoln and Spokane 

 counties, to south slopes of Spokane River and west and south borders Spokane County. 

 Whitman County, only near Colfax and in tongue northeastward into Idaho. 



OREGON. — Cascades. Klamath River Basin, and Blue Mountains, generally at from sea 

 level to 5,850 feet. East side of Cascades, low foothills up to 5.000 feet at north, and 

 at 4,000 to 7,000 at south. Eastward along Columbia River from Bonneville (west limit) 

 to The Dalles, into Deschutes River Valley west of river, to point 5 miles west of Wapi- 

 nitia, down to 2,300 feet near Simnasho, 10 miles west of the river at Warm Springs 

 Indian Agency, Metolius Canyon, west border Fly Creek Desert, upper Squaw Creek, 

 east side Deschutes River (few miles north of Farewell Bend), Pine Mountain (half 

 way between Pauline Lake and Bear Buttes), 3 miles below Farewell Bend (road to 

 Prineville). Pauline Creek. East Fork Deschutes, Sinks Creek, and Klamath Marsh. 

 West side Cascades, south only of latitude 44° 25', extending southward into Siskiyous 

 and on east slopes of Coast Range, at 1,300 to 6,000 feet elevation, Klamath Gap and 

 gaps south of Lake of Woods, valley between main Cascades and mountains west of 

 Aspen Lake, eastern base of Cascades, and eastward throughout Upper Klamath Basin 

 to Warner and Kokeep mountains (east of Warner Lake). In Warner Mountains, east 

 and northeast of Goose Lake to mountains and east of Lakeview in gap between north 

 and south masses of Warner Range ; not on west side lower slopes of Warner Mountains, 

 but in canyons and from Sugar Loaf Mountain southward for several miles; descends on 

 east base of Warner Range to about 5,600 feet. Kokeep Mountains, in few canyons and 

 elsewhere on cooler slopes ; De Garmo Canyon, from 5,500 feet upward ; east side of 

 Kokeep Range, at site of old Camp Warner (Warner or Guano Creek) at 5,800 feet 



