FOREST TREES OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE. 161 



sea, but apparently much shorter lived outside its habitat. Capable of enduring wider 

 variation 4n temperature than that of its natural range. If planted in dry soils, for 

 instance, where temperature falls below freezing, it grows well and matures young wood 

 before frost, which commonly kills back immature growth in damp, low situations. 



Tolerance. — Decidedly tolerant of shade, but thrives in full light. Natural growth 

 includes both widely distant, gnarled, twisted trees and extremely dense stands. In 

 dense stands shade of crown cover is heavy, yet young growth persists under it for many 

 years. 



Reproduction'. — Prolific annual seeder. Seed has moderately high rate of germination 

 and persistent vitality. Usually germinates first season, under dense stands in compact, 

 partly decomposed leaf litter. Seedlings grow very rapidly ; in cultivation, often 3 feet 

 in as many years. Grows from cuttings made from leading twigs of year, hut trees thus 

 raised are less vigorous, branch more, and are shorter lived than those grown from seed. 



Gowen Cypress. 



Cupreasua goveniana Gordon. 



DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS. 



Gowen cypress, usually a small tree, is mainly known simply as " cypress," 

 but this name is confusing; the coined name, Gowen cypress, is preferable. 

 Karl T. Hartweg discovered it in 1846, and later introduced it into England, 

 where it received its technical name in honor of James R. Gowen. English 

 writers call it "Mr. Gowen's California cypress." 



It is a small, much branched, shrubby tree, about 10 to 20 feet high, and 

 frequently much stunted and bearing tones when under 3 feet in height. Under 

 conditions very favorable for growth, however, it is from 30 to 40 feet high, or 

 a little more, and from 15 to 20 inches in diameter. Young trees are straight, 

 with sharply conical stems and slender, straight branches which trend upward. 

 When the trees are older, the lower branches stand out straight. A wide, irregu- 

 lar, open pyramidal crown is formed down to the ground. The crown is espe- 

 cially open in older trees on account of the irregular lengthening of the main 

 branches, which become very stout. There is rarely more than a few feet of 

 clear trunk. The bark, about one-half Inch thick on old trees, is firm, and is 

 cut by narrow seams into a network of narrow ridges connected by thinner 

 diagonal ones. On the outside the bark is weathered to a dull reddish brown, 

 but the interior shows a clear red-brown. The minute, closely pressed, pointed 

 leaves (fig. 62) have a faintly marked pit (sometimes wanting) on the back, 

 and are a dark grass-green. Those of a season's growth persist from three to 

 four years, but die at the end of their second or third year. The cones (fig. 62), 

 one-half to seven-eighths of an inch in diameter, mature at the close of the 

 second season, shed their shiny, pale, brown seeds (fig. 62, a) late in September 

 or in October, but remain on the trees for a number of years thereafter. Mature 

 cones are shiny and either light brown, tinged with red, or purplish brown. 

 Nineteen or twenty angled seeds are produced under each perfect cone-scale. 

 The seeds are not buoyant enough to be carried more than a few rods from the 

 mother tree, even by strong winds. Seed leaves. :;. occasionally 4: about three- 

 sixteenths of an inch long, narrow and pointed. Seedling leaves are similar. 

 but slightly longer, and stand out from the slender stem at regular intervals in 

 groups of .". or 4. During the first or second season narrow scale-like leaves 

 (about three-sixteenths of an inch long) appear on the tiny branches of seed- 

 lings. They stand slightly away from the stem, and those which succeed them, 

 in the third and fourth years, become more and more like adult leaves in form 

 and arrangement. 



Wood, pale yellowish brown, line grained, rather heavy, and faintly aromatic. 

 It appears to be durable when exposed to the weather. The wood is of no 



