184 FOREST TEEES OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE. 



nish poor saw timber, but would give good blocks for pencils and otber minor 

 commercial uses. As a forest tree, western juniper deserves special attention 

 on account of its unusual ability to thrive at bigb elevations, on dry wind-swept 

 situations. Few other trees can so persistently withstand such exposure. 



Longevity. — While the age limit of this tree has not been fully determined, 

 it is known to be exceedingly long-lived. Its height growth is always slow, 

 as is also its diameter growth when it is exposed, as it usually is, to fierce winds 

 and grows rooted in crevices of rock. But even in such situations it grows per- 

 sistently, producing thick trunks out of all proportion to its height. The wood 

 of such trees is very fine-grained, indicating very great age. In protected moun- 

 tain coves and on flats with deep washes of loose earth, large trunks show their 

 more rapid diameter growth in their coarser grain. Trees of this type, from 

 20 to 48 inches in diameter, are from 125 to 300 years old. A study of fine- 

 grained stems grown in exposed places would doubtless show large ones to be 

 from 500 to 800 years or more old. 



RANGE. 



Idaho, southeastern Washington, and eastern Oregon southward to southern Califor- 

 nia. Arid hills and high plains of Idaho, southeastern Washington, and eastern Ore- 

 gon ; also high elevations in Cascades of Oregon and Sierras of California southward, in 

 latter State, at least to San Bernardino Mountains. At north, possibly also in southern 

 interior British Columbia. Montana, and in northern and western Nevada, but range 

 there, as in Washington and Idaho, still imperfectly known. 



Washington. — Only four localities known in arid southeastern part — at 591 feet 

 elevation in Ryegrass Coulee (northwest of Fishhook Ferry i on Snake River. Franklin 

 County ; Yakima Canyon bottom, Kittitas County ; Columbia River Canyon bottom below 

 Sentinel Bluffs, at 1,800 feet, Douglas County ; north side of Columbia River, for several 

 miles each side of mouth of John Day River. Should be detected elsewhere in State. 



Oregon. — Arid canyons, bluffs and mesas throughout eastern part and on both slopes 

 of main divide of Cascades ; generally from 500 to 6,000 feet, but sparingly on west slope 

 of Cascades, at 1,600 to 5,200 feet, and not on Umpqua-Rogue River Divide nor on 

 northern slopes of Siskiyous. Noted at Corvallis in Willamette Valley. East slopes of 

 Cascades up to 6.000 feet elevation. East of Cascades, noted in Deschutes River Valley, 

 on ('olumbia River and tributaries in northern Wasco County, and on Mutton Mountain 

 plateau (between Simnasho and Warm Springs i, at 2.900 feet, on Fly Creek Desert (be- 

 tween Matolius Creek and Squaw Creek) ; from a point 9 or 10 miles northwest of Fare- 

 well Bend to Prineville and eastward to Wagontire Butte, where it is especially abun- 

 dant. Generally distributed over Klamath-Deschutes Divide and throughout Klamath 

 River Basin eastward to Goose Lake National Forest, being common here on Drews, Dry, 

 and Chewaucan creeks, and also in Warner Valley, where it grows on east and west 

 sides of Warner Mountains. In northern part of State probably goes eastward through 

 Blue, Wenaha, and Powder River mountains. Noted on Columbia River and branches 

 in north Wasco, Sherman, and Morrow counties, on south side of the Columbia, near 

 Blalocks and on John Day River (Gilliam County), in Juniper Canyon at 950 feet, and 

 on Columbia River (Umatilla County), and in Blue Mountains, generally below pines, as 

 in Maury Mountains and mountains south of Prineville. 



California. — Northeastern part and mainly on east slopes and summits of Sierras 

 southward to the San Bernardino Mountains. At north, from ridges east of Surprise 

 Valley (Nevada) and both sides of Warner Mountains, westward to Shasta River Valley 

 at a point northwest of Mount Shasta ; here abundant at 2,500 to 3,500 feet from point 

 few miles east of Edgewood northward to Little Shasta Valley, lower slopes of Siskiyous, 

 and hills east of Ilornbrook. Reported in Trinity Mountains at high altitudes about 

 alpine lakes at head of Canyon Creek. Locally noted in northern California as follows : 

 Above Cedarville (W T arner Mountains) ; Modoc Bluff, 6 miles west of Alturas, at 5,000 

 feet ; west of Warner Mountains in Fandango Valley ; Upper Goose Lake Valley, at 

 7.000 feet; Lower Goose Lake Valley; Devils Garden (west of Goose Lake)', at 5,000 

 feet, from lake to Willow Creek — few miles southeast of Steel Swamp and southward to 

 Warm Springs Valley, near Canby ; between Tule Lake and Lost River: from point 15 

 miles south of Tule Lake to one 10 miles north of Lookout and eastward to Round Val- 

 ley and Adin ; Pitt River (Modoc County), at 4,900 feet: west of lower Klamath Lake 

 from Brownell to Picard ; Klamath* Hot Springs at junction of Shovel Creek with 

 Klamath River ; ridge east of latter, at 2,700 to 4,300 feet. Southward, from northern 



