FOREST TREES OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE. 243 



man (Whitman County), and in Wenaha National Forest at 3,000 to 0,000 or 7,000 

 feet. 



Oregon. — Whole State but not common. Noted on Columbia River (northeastern 

 Wasco County), Blue Mountains, Cascade (north) National Forest, west shore upper 

 Kiamath Lake, Sprague River basin <T. Mo S., Rs. 11 and 12 E; T. 37 S., B. Hi F.i. 

 Swan Lake Valley, Goose Lake National Forest, and Steins Mountain (southern Harney 

 County i. 



California. — Northern part and in Sierras south on both sides to Kern River (Kern 

 County), at the north at 5,000 to 8,000 feet and at the south at 6,000 to 10.000 feet. 

 Noted in Modoc and Warner Mountains National Forests, at upper end Davis Creek at 

 6,100 feet. Trinity Mountains at h'ead Canyon Creek, not known on Mount Shasta ; 

 northern Sierras 7,000 to 8,800 feet, Middle Fork Feather River, about Sierra Valley 

 above 6,500 feet, Lake Tahoe, 5,000 to 0,500 feet ; Stanislaus National Forest general 

 at 5,0(10 to 8,500 feet, locally noted south side of Mount Reba, Highland Creek, Rattle- 

 snake Creek, Middle Fork Stanislaus at Mono Road crossing, head North Fork Moke- 

 lumne River, 10 miles north of Gardner 11 miles west of Woods at 9,000 feet (timber- 

 line) (Alpine County) ; Yosemite National Park at Aspen Valley and elsewhere at 

 5,500 and 6,000 feel : Parker Creek near Yosemite Park line (Mono County) (T. 1 S., 

 J;. 26 E., sec. 18) at 7. son feet; Sierra National Forest locally noted South Fork San 

 Joaquin at 8,000 to 9,000 feet, Mono Creek up to head, Silver and Fish creeks (tribu- 

 taries to South Fork San Joaquin), North Fork Kings River to head, Dougherty Creek 

 (tributary Middle Fork Kings River) near Meadow, South Fork Kings River to head 

 and its tributaries, Bubbs Creek (up to 10,500 feet) and Copper Creek (up to 9,000 

 feet), Crown Creek, East Fork Kaweah up to 1 mile below Farewell Gap and on its 

 tributary Soda Canyon at Mineral King, and in Giant Forest at 6,500 feet. Kern River 

 Canyon at 9,700 feet. 



Lower California. — Plateau of Mount San Pedro Martir above 8,000 feet a few 

 localities. 



The eastern range of this species will be given in a future publication. 



OCCURRENCE. 



Alaska. — On streams (drier parts), up valley slopes; protected gulches (Cook Inlet) ; 

 rolling land and steep hillsides (interior) ; often preferring south exposures. 



WEST Canada. — Usually on streams, low-lying land; also on moderately high situa- 

 tions — sometimes characteristic of dry, grassy hillsides (somewhat stunted) ; on all 

 slopes, but most abundant on south exposures. 



Washington, Oregon, California. — Prefers stream bottoms, benches, moist slopes ; 

 less abundant and smaller on dry hillsides. In Blue Mountains (Oregon), occasional 

 groups in open spaces on high ridges. Forms part of undergrowth in yellow pine 

 forest on east slope of Cascades — nowhere abundant. In south Oregon, as a small part 

 of stand, and much scattered; in thickets about springs, occasionally over large areas 

 of semiarid land. In north California (Sierras) in thickets, stunted, and at elevation 

 of red fir, lodgepole pine, on borders of mountain meadows, moist slopes ; southward in 

 very high, rocky, moist canyons. Throughout range best growth is on moist, porous, 

 well-drained humous soils. Grows in nearly all soils not too wet, but relatively small 

 or stunted on poorer and drier soils. 



In Pacific region generally forms pure stands only over very small or limited areas : 

 to the east it occurs in large pure forests as well as extensively in mixture. In Alaska, 

 commonly with balm-of-Gilead, birch, white spruce, alders, ami willows (stream banks) : 

 occasionally also witii lodgepole pine. Sitka spruce, black spruce, alpine fir, tamarack, 

 birch, and black cottonwood on limited areas. On Kenai Peninsula, in forests of white 

 spruce, with black hemlock, balm-of-Gilead, and birches; about Cook Inlet, sparingly in 

 birch forest with small numbers of white spruce and balm-of-Gilead, mainly with latter. 

 At Skagway, abundant with balm-of-Gilead on river bottoms over extensive areas adjacent 

 to Sitka spruce, lodgepole pine, and alpine fir. On the lower Yukon, with birch and balm- 

 of-Gilead on hills. South slopes ( ,t' Rockies north of the Yukon carry a little aspen with 

 white spruce and birch. In west Canada with balm-of-Gilead, Mack cottonwood (flats and 

 lower slopes), birch, alders, .-11111 willows (streams), lodgepole pine (dryish terraces), and 

 white spruce (slopes and ridges). Engelmann spruce, and black spruce. Grows with white 

 and Engelmann spruces and with lodgepole pine singly, but mainly in groups, which fill 

 burned or logged areas in coniferous forest. Usually subordinate in main stands of lodge 

 pole pine. On margins of swamps, lakes, and sluggish stream banks with tamarack and 

 with Mack spruce. Not abundant in Washington or Oregon, rarely occurring except singly 

 and in small thickets, mixed especially with Douglas tir, and western yellow and lodgepole 

 pines. On Mount Rainier, near lower limit of Douglas flr; on east slope of Cascades, 

 under Douglas tir and yellow pine from foothills nearly to summit : with lodgepole pine on 

 west shore of upper Klamath Lake 1 southern Oregon). In northern and middle. Califor- 

 nia, in moist places with lodgepole pine, alders, black cottonwood, and willows, and in dry 

 places (low or bushy) with mountain mahogany and other chaparral. 



