| teristic. 
a = a = — 
_ in England. 
Py 
Sune 10, 18386] 
their lists as giving a fuller idea of the value of this manifold 
Crustacean group. In the first place they referred to the classifi- 
cation of the Carboniferous strata in Scotland and in England, 
according to the local differences, taking in succession ‘* Scot- 
land West,” ‘‘ Scotland East,” ‘‘ England North, with the Isle 
of Man,” ‘‘England Central and South, with South Wales,” 
as the several districts from which th y have obtained good 
groups of Ostracoda from different members of the Carboni- 
ferous series. In Fife the lowest local Carboniferous strata 
contain Beyri hia subircua'a; higher up come in Carlonia 
fabulina, C. Kankiniana, Bairdia nitida, and Leper ditia Okent ; 
the last, accompanied by other species, occurs throughout this 
lowest series, in which the record is more complete than in 
Midlothian and Linlithgowshire, where the same species also 
occur. In Dumfriesshire and Ayrshire Z. Okeni and L. sebrecta 
have been found in beds even lower than the above-mentioned, 
and are therefore probably the oldest Carboniferous Ostracoda ; 
other species accompany them higher up, and in Roxburghshire 
some localities of the Carboniferous Sandstone series are very rich 
inspecies. The Carboniferous Limestone series of South- West Scot- 
land has been highly productive of Ostracoda, particularly the 
shales of the lower b_ds ; thirty-six species are common or charac- 
The middle or coal-bearing portion has yielded but 
few, chiefly Z. Voungiima, one Beyrichia, C. fabulinz, and 
C. Rankiniana. The Upper Limestone group contains many 
recurrents from below and a few others, including VYoungia rectt- 
dorsalis (MS.). The Millstone Grit equivalents have no Ostra- 
coda, but the overlying Coal-measures are rich in Cardonie, 
with a few others, such as C)fridina radiata. A great variety 
of genera and species come from beds at or near the base of the 
Scar Limestone and its equivalents in North Lancashire, West- 
moreland, Cumberland, and Northumberland. The calcareous 
shales of the Yoredale series have several interesting forms, 
including P.restura concinna (MS.); none from the Millstone 
Grit. The Lower Coal-measures give Beyrichia arcuata and 
Carbonit, sp. The middle beds have B. arcuata and Carbonia 
fabulina, common ; rarer, C. Rankiniana, C. secans, C. scalpellus, 
C. Wardiana (MS.), and Philomedes elongata. In the Upper 
Coal-measures B. subarcuata reappears ; and in the Spivorbis- 
limestone Leferditia inflata is the latest Carboniferous Ostracod 
In Northamptonshire the deep Gayton boring (at 
730 feet) has given Airhbya variabilis, K. plicata, Bythocypris 
sublunata, Macrocypris Fonesiana, Cythevella extuberata, and C. 
attenuata, all but one belonging to the Lower Carboniferous 
series. In Salop, South Wales, and Somerset the Carboni- 
ferous Limestone has yielded several good species of Leperdia, 
Kirkby 1, Moorea, Bythocypris, Bairdia, &c. Carbonia Agnes and 
C. Eveline belong to the South Welsh Coal-measures. The 
distribution of the Carboniferous Ostracoda in Ireland requires 
further work ; bat the Lower Carboniferous Shales and the 
Mountain Limestone near Cork and elsewhere are very rich, as 
are also some parts of the latter in the Isle of Man, The Ostra- 
coda of the Permian Formation were then treated of in relation 
to their Carboniferous allies, and the range of the British 
Carboniferous Ostracods in Europe and North America was 
noticed in some detail. The results of the examination were 
shown in two extensive tables.—Note on some Vertebrata of the 
Red Crag, by R. Lydekker, F.G.S. This communication con- 
tained briefly the results of a re-examination of the specimens 
from the bone-bed of the Red Crag in the British and Ipswich 
Museums, a series of casts from the latter haying been added to 
the former. The forms noticed were Hyena striata, with which 
Hi. antijua and H. arvernensis were considered probably 
identical, JZasto/on, of which the author thought three species— 
M, arv.rnensis, M. longirostris, and M. borsont were repre- 
sented ; Sws, of which two forms, the larger probably S. exy- 
manthius or S. antiqguus, the smaller S. palevcherus, had been 
detected ; a Tapir, which was probably Zupiraus arvernensis or 
I. elegans rather than 7) priscus ; Hipparion gracile ; a Rhino- 
ceros referable to the hornless A”. zwczsivus rather than to R. 
schletermacheri, though the latter probably also occurred ; and 
a species of Albatross (Dzomedea) represented by a right tarso- 
metatarsus, and the associated proximal phalangeal bone of the 
fourth digit. —The Pleistocene succession in the Trent Basin, by 
R. M. Deeley, F.G.S. The bels of the lowest division were 
distinguished from those of the middle and upper by the absence 
of Cretaceous rock-debris. Older Pleistocene: Early Pennine 
Boulder-clay, Quartzose Sand, Middle Pennine Boulder-clay ; 
Middle Pleistocene: Melton Sand, Great Chalky Boulder-clay, 
Chalky Sand and Gravel; Newer Pleistocene: Interglacial 
NATURE 
9, 
River-alluvium, Later Pennine Boulder-clay. Each of the 
separate stages was then described separately, with details of 
exposures and sections throughout the area.—Oa the existence 
of a sub.narine Triassic outlier in the English Channel off the 
Lizard, by R. N. Worth, F.G.S. 
Anthropological Institute, May 25.—Francis Galton, 
F.R.S., President, in the chair.—Mr. Reginald Stuart Poole 
read a paper on the ancient Egyptian classification of the races 
of man. This was defined by the famous subject of the four 
races in the tombs of the kings at Thebes (B.C. 1400-1200). 
The types were (1) Egyptian, red; (2) Shemite, yellow ; (3) 
Libyan, white; (4) Negro, black. By comparison with monu- 
ments of the same period and of a somewhat earlier date, the 
first race, clearly an intermediate type, was seen to comprehend 
the Phcenicians, the Egyptians, and the people of Arabia Felix 
with the opposite coast. The Libyan race included an aquiline 
type, with marked supra-orbital ridges and receding foreheads, 
as well as a straight-nosed type. Thes2 two types inhabited the 
south coast of the Mediterranean, and some of the islands. 
The Negro race included the Negro and Nubian types. The 
Hittites and Hyksos, or shepherds, were as yet unclassed. Prof. 
Flower pointed out the resemblance of the aquiline Libyan 
type to that of the Neanderthal crania, and the oldest European 
type, and saw in the Hyksos head distinctly Mongolian cha- 
racters. These two points are of the highest consequence in 
historical anthropology.—Mr. C. W. Rosset exhibited a large 
collection of photographs and other objects of ethnological 
interest from the Maldive Islands and Ceylon. 
Paris 
Academy of Sciences, May 31.—M. Jurien de la Graviere, 
President, in the chair.—Observations of the small planets made 
with the large meridian instrument at the Paris Observatory 
during the first quarter of the year 1886, by M. Mouchez.—Note 
on a new general method of determining directly the absolute 
value of refraction at all degrees of altitude, by M. Loewy. 
This is a further development and more general application of 
the author's recent communication on the means of determining 
some absolute values of refraction with a sufficient degree of 
accuracy.—Researches on the densities of liquefied gases and of 
their saturated vapours, by MM. L. Cailletet and Mathias. In 
this memoir the authors’ studies are limited to the protoxide of 
nitrogen, ethylene, and carbonic acid. It is shown that at the 
critical point the density of the Auid is equal to that of its 
vapour, whence a practical means of determining graphically 
the density at the critical point when the critical temperature is 
known. It is also shown that the expansion of the liquefied gas 
is greater than that of the gas itself. The method; here described 
are applicable to all gases whose critical point is higher than the 
freezing-point of mercury.—On MM. Albert A. Michelson and 
Edward W. Morley’s recent experiments to ascertain the influ- 
ence of motion of the medium on the velocity of light (Americar 
Fournal of Science, May 1886), by M. A. Cornu. The author 
briefly describes the American physicists’ experiments, which 
show that the result announced by Fizeau in 1851 is essentially 
correct, and that the luminiferous ether is entirely unaffected by 
the motion of the matter which it permeates. At the conclusion 
of the paper M. Fizeau took occasion to remark that he had - 
never ceased to prosecute his studies on the nature and properties 
of the ether, and hoped soon to announce the existence of a pecu- 
liar variation in the magnetic force of magnets apparently in rela- 
tion with the direction of the earth’s motion through space, and 
calculated to throw great light on the immobility of the ether 
and its relations to ponderable matter.—On an arc tangent to the 
solar halo of 46°, observed on May 30, by M. A. Cornu. Of 
the numerous halos observed during last month this is described 
as the most remarkable. It was visible towards 5 p.m. under 
the form of an extremely vivid iridescent are concentric with the 
zenith at a distance of 15° to 20° in a circular sphere of from 60° 
to 80°. The author considers that from the systematic observa- 
tion of these phenomena some valuable data might be obtained 
regarding the condition and movements of the upper atmo- 
spheric currents, which woul be useful in weather forecasting. 
—On the heats of combustion and of formation of the solid 
carburets of hydrogen, by MM. Berthelot and Vieille. The 
method announced by the authors tw» years ago for measuring 
the heat of combustion of the fixed or but slightly volatile organic 
compounds is here applied to the study of naphthaline, ace- 
naphthene, anthracene, phenanthrene, dibenzyl, and some other 
