Sept. 16, 1886 | 
thelial cells. Amongst the pus cells numerous dumb-bells of 
micrococci (or diplococci), and a few short chains of the same, 
were met with. In size these micro-organisms do not differ 
from those described in connection with foot-and-mouth disease. 
In many sections—stained in fuchsin, or in methyl blue, or in 
gentiaa violet—through the diseased tissue of the cow, as well 
as that of calf 3, there were found the same diplococci and 
chains in the contents of the superficial cavities, as well as in 
the depth of the epithelium. In the latter stratum they were 
met with abundantly throughout the whole extent of the mar- 
ginal portion of the ulcer, but not beyond it. In the superficial 
parts, namely, in the contents of the cavities in the stratum 
lucidum, the same chains were to be found, provided the pus 
cells were not too closely packed. They were very numerous 
in the tissue of the crust, and also in the superficial central 
portions of the ulcer that had undergone degenerate change. 
There occurred also in the crust and in the necrotic parts of the 
ulcer numerous clumps of zooglea of micrococci; but these 
micrococci are not to be confounded with the chains of strepto- 
cocci to be presently described, nor yet with those streptococci 
which are found occurring singly. 
From the deeper parts of an ulcer of cow IV. material was 
obtained with which tubes containing either solid nutritive gela- 
tine, or Agar-Agar mixture, were inoculated. After some days, 
and in both media, a micrococcus appeared, the growth of which 
was extremely characteristic. These are its characteristics, in 
the nutritive gelatine : after 3 to 6 days’ incubation at 20° C., 
the growth made its appearance at the point or line of inocula- 
tion, in the form of small points or granules, whitish in colour 
and tolerably closely placed. During the next few days their 
number and size increased. At the end of a fortnight the line of 
inoculation was visible as a streak of whitish granules or drop- 
lets, some large, others small, more or less closely placed. On 
the surface of the gelatine the growth, like a film of granules, 
spreads slowly in breadth, but even after months remains small. 
When inoculated into the depth of the gelatine, the channel of 
inoculation becomes visible as a whitish streak, made up of 
smaller and larger droplets. The gelatine is not liquefied by 
the growth. The same characters are assumed by the growth in 
Agar-Agar mixture and in solid serum. The general aspect of 
the growth in gelatine, in Agar-Agar, and in serum, is very 
similar to that presented by the streptococcus of foot and mouth 
disease (see my report of this year upon that malady"), but with 
this difference, namely, that in gelatine tubes the streptococcus 
of foot-and-mouth disease is a little faster in its growth, and its 
component granules are a little more distant. Nevertheless, I 
have tubes of both kinds of organisms in gelatine and in Agar- 
Agar—tubes which cannot be from their general appearance 
easily distinguished. In faintly alkaline broth, or in broth and 
peptone, the micrococcus of the cow ulcers grows readily, and in 
the same manner as that of foot-and-mouth disease. But there 
is one test by which the two kinds of organism can be very 
readily distinguished: the streptococcus of foot-and-mouth 
disease, when grown in milk, does not affect the fluid character 
of the milk, whereas milk inoculated with the organism ob- 
tained from the cow’s ulcer will, if kept for two days in the 
incubator at 35° C., have been turned completely solid. This 
difference is a very striking difference, and a few days’ growth 
in milk suffices for distinguishing without fail between the two. 
The microscopic examination of a culture in broth peptone, in 
gelatine, or in Agar-Agar mixture shows that the growth consists 
of spherical micrococci, arranged as diplococci, and as shorter 
and longer straight, wavy, or curved chains—streptococcus, — 
these latter sometimes of great length. As regards the shape of 
the micrococci, the mode of their division, the branchings of the 
chains, the presence here and there in the chain of a large 
element amongst the smaller ones, the organisms of the ulcers 
hardly differ from the description which I am preparing of the 
streptococcus of foot-and-mouth disease. The elements of a 
¢coccus chain of the foot and-mouth micro-organism are, how- 
ever, smaller than those of the disease under consideration. 
The streptococcus chains of a growth in broth are short during 
the first few days; but later on, when the growth settles down 
more into the deeper parts of the broth, the chains become of 
great length. So also in Agar-Agar tubes of one to two or more 
weeks’ incubation. 
A curious fact, to which importance must provisionally attach, 
‘is this : In a cow having several of the ulcers on the teats, the 
* To appear in the Supplement to the fifteenth volume of the Board’s 
Reports.—G. B. 
NATURE 
as) 
fingers of the milker pressing over the ulcers would constantly 
rub off from the latter particles of matter, and the fingers and 
the teat being kept moist, this matter would easily mix with the 
milk as it passes from the teat. To learn whether the milk 
while in the udder contained the streptococci, the following ex- 
periment was made: A teat free of any ulcer was milked so as 
to obtain a few ounces of milk, and from this milk a large 
number of gelatine and Agar-Agar tubes were inoculated ; a 
second teat of the same cow, affected by an extensive ulcer, was 
milked to the same extent, and from the milk thus obtained a 
large number of other gelatine and Agar-Agar tubes were inocu- 
lated. In the first series no single tube showed the growth of 
the above-described streptococcus, whereas in the second series 
one gelatine tube and one Agar-Agar tube were found to develop 
the typical growth of the streptococcus. 
We cannot draw any certain inference from this one observa- 
tion, but evidently the experiment deserves repetition. 
With a cultivation (a third sub-culture) in Agar-Agar mixture 
of this streptococcus, I, on February 1, inoculated subeuta- 
neously in the groin two calves (5 and 6) On February 27 
calf 6 was found dead. The subcutaneous tissue at, and for 
some distance around, the seat of inoculation showed much 
effusion, and the inguinal glands were swollen and red. There 
was peritonitis, with sanguineous exudation, congestion, and 
hemorrhagic spots in omentum and in the serous coat of the 
stomach. The spleen appeared small and its capsule thickened. 
The liver was greatly congested. Kidneys were large and much 
congested. ‘The ileum was much congested in its mucous mem- 
brane, and the epithelium detached in flakes. The mesenteric 
glands belonging to the ileum were greatly enlarged and hyper- 
amic. Both lungs were congested, the superficial lobules showed 
so much congestion that they looked almost solid, and were of 
a deep red colour. A few petechiz under the pleura. Bronchial 
glands enlarged and congested. There was pericarditis, and the 
heart was distended by, and filled with coagulated blood. The 
organs of the throat were found much congested. The hairy 
parts of the skin were not examined. 
Calf 5 showed on March 7, around the nostrils and lips of the 
mouth, and on hard palate and gums, numerous irregularly out- 
lined patches not raised above the level of the skin. These 
patches had a discol ,ured, brownish, very slightly raised margin, 
and a paler centre ; they were round or irregular, some as small 
as § of an inch, others four to six times larger. The animal 
was killed on March 8. On post-mortem examination the fol- 
lowing appearances were noted: Congestion of some of the 
peripheral lobules in both lungs; the pleura pulmonalis slightly 
Opaque, numerous soft lymph adhesions between it and the costal 
pleura ; in the spleen several hemorrhagic patches under the 
capsule in the shape of bullee filled with semi-congealed blood ; 
spleen pulp softened and very congested; kidney congested ; 
organs of the throat congested. 
There can then be no doubt that a definite disease has been 
produced in both animals, of which the affection of the lungs is 
a conspicuous feature, and coincides with, though more pro- 
nticed than, the lung disease noticed in cow IV. 
In calf 5 there was, in addition, the disease of the skin and 
in the mouth, which, as the microscopic examination proved, is 
in a certain degree similar to the disease in cow IV. and calf 3. 
More in detail, this is what is found as regards the skin: The 
tissue of the papillze and of the superficial corium is infiltrated 
with round cells, and the blood-vessels of the papillze are dis- 
tended and filled with blood. In their peripheral portions, their 
most superficial parts, the papillae are very much distended by 
extravasated blood and round cells ;—in fact the first rudiments 
of cavities are forming in them. The same condition, but more 
pronounced, obtains in the cuticle, where between its layers 
there are present small cavities filled with blood and round cells, 
or only fluid and a few round cells. There is, in addition to 
this, a general infiltration with round cells of the layers of the 
cuticle. The brownish-reddish colour of the marginal parts is 
due to this condition. In the central part the cuticle is loosened 
by the formation of such cavities containing fluid and a few 
round cells; by this its layers were separated and ultimately 
detached. In the cavities of the cuticle occur very fine diplo- 
cocci and chains. So also in theinfiltrated and enlarged papille, 
and in the deeper layers of the epithelium in the whole extent of 
the diseased skin, diplococci and short chains are present. 
In neither of these cases of subcutaneous inoculation was there 
found any rent or breakage of the stratum Malpighii, z.e. no real 
ulcer. The anatomical features here described in many respects 
