474 
resemble the Jesion of the skin in human scarlatina (see my re- 
port for 1876). I did not, unfortunately, look at other (the 
hairy) parts of the skin to see whether there were any such 
patches in this calf. (Some observations on the kidney of calf 5 
are noted in the sequel.) 
Examination of the organs of calf 6: 
(a) The lung.—Congestion of all blood vessels, large and 
small. Transudation of fluid and hemorrhage into the alveolar 
cavities of part of some lobules of the lung, while the rest of the 
alveolar cavities are collapsed, the capillaries around them very 
much congested ; infiltration with leucocytes of the interlobular 
septa, extending also into the inter-alveolar septa. In some of 
the lobules next to the pleura the engorgement of the capil- 
laries is extremely great, blood ex masse filling the alveoli to 
the extent of producing a state of red hepatisation. The pleura 
itself is thickened by exudation of fluid and leucocytes. The 
bronchi do not show any distinct alteration. Numerous diplo- 
cocci and a few chains are met with in the pleura and in the 
congested parts of the lobules, in the alveolar wall, and in those 
alveolar cavities which contain exudation and blood. The 
bronchial glands show great changes: the capsule and septa 
being much thickened by exudation and leucocytes ; the lymph 
vessels everywhere filled with round cells; the tissue of the 
follicles and medulla much swollen. 
(6) The liver shows extreme congestion of all vessels in all 
parts, inter- and intralobular. The liver-cells are opaque, 
granular, and atrophic. 
(c) The tleum.—The epithelium of the surface detached and 
gone ; the epithelium of the Lieberkihn follicles loosened, and 
in most places detached; the mucosa shows great congestion 
and infiltration ; in the superficial layers the villi show haemor- 
rhage, the tissue being filled with blood corpuscles, fibrin, and 
leucocytes ; and in many spots the superficial layers of the mucosa 
are necrotic. 
The Peyer’s glands are much swollen and inflamed ; the cen- 
tral portions of their follicles are breaking down. 
Micrococci and bacilli pervade everywhere the tissue of the 
mucosa. 
their capsules, septa, follicles, and medullary cylinders much 
congested and inflamed. 
(a) The kidney.—The changes in this organ are highly in- 
teresting, since they completely coincide with those in acute 
scarlatina nephritis in man: great congestion of the cortex, 
leading in some parts to hemorrhage into the parenchyma; 
glomerulo-nephritis with exudation of albuminous fluid and 
blood into the cavities of the Malpighian corpuscles ; granular 
or opaque swelling of the epithelium of the uriniferous (convo- 
luted) tubules, with degeneration into granular debris of many 
of the epithelial cells; miliary foci of aggregations of round 
cells around small bloodvessels ; congestion of the medulla. 
[The kidney of calf 5 was also examined microscopically, and 
the changes were exactly the same as those found in the kidney 
of calf 6, viz. congestion of the glomeruli, glomerulo-nephritis, 
transudation of albuminous fluid and red blood corpuscles into 
the cavity of Bowman’s capsule; opaque swelling of the epi- 
thelium of the cony luted tubules; granular disintegration of 
the epithelium in many places; infiltration with round cells 
around some arterioles of the cortex; and congestion of the 
medulla. ] 
(e) The heart's blood was examined for organisms, and in it, by 
the staining with Weigert’s gentian violet, a few diplococci and 
a few chains could be distinctly detected. 
Cultivations were made with this ldood in tubes containing 
Agar-Agar mixture, and a growth of the streptococcus was ob- 
tained in all respects identical with the streptococcus that had 
been employed for inoculation of this animal. 
In view of the whole of this evidence, I consider it con- 
clusively established that this streptococcus is identical with the 
virus of the cow disease. 
We have, then, inoculated subcutaneously with sub-cultures 
of the streptococcus these two animals, calves 5 and 6, with the 
result of producing a general disease, which in many respects 
bears a close resemblance to human scarlatina. The minute 
anatomical characters of the eruption on the skin around the 
nostrils and mouth in calf 5 is of much significance in this con- 
nection, as also is the disease in the liver in both animals, and 
above all, the disease in the kidney. This latter organ corre- 
sponds so closely with a kidney of an acute case of human scar- 
latina that sections made of the one and compared with those of 
the other, of which I preserved a large collection from my 
NATURE 
The mesenteric glands in relation with the ileum have | 
[Sepz. 16, 1886 
former investigation into the anatomy of human scarlatina (see 
Medical Officer’s Report for 1876), show no difference what- 
ever. 
The outcome of the investigation thus far, and it is of import- 
ance until further differentiated observations shall have been 
made, may be stated thus :—By inoculating the virus directly 
taken from the local disease (the ulcer on the teats) of the cow 
into the corium of the calf the same local disease is produced, 
namely, a change in the skin, which commences as a congestion 
of the papillae and corium, and an exudation of fluid and leuco- 
cytes. This leads, in the superficial parts of the epidermis, to 
the formation of cavities, which, enlarging, and extending, and 
opening on to the surface, and extending into the depth, ulti- 
mately lead to the formation of an ulcer. But the virus, in the 
form of an artificial cultivation of the streptococcus derived from 
the above ulcer of the cow, when inoculated into the sub- 
cutaneous tissue, that is, when introduced almost directly into 
the vascular system (for all matter injected subcutaneously is 
easily absorbed by the lymphatics and carried into the blood 
system) sets up a general disease resembling to a considerable 
degree in its anatomical features human scarlatina. 
Furthermore, as respects the concern that cow’s milk may have 
in the communication of disease—the consideration which led to 
the present investigations—we have some facts which appear to 
me to afford very suggestive indications for further pathological 
study. As I have pointed out on a previous page, it would 
seem that the milk pure does not contain the organism, but 
(whether or not this observation be confirmed) the milk during 
| the act of milking. is pretty, sure to become contaminated 
by the fingers of the milker bringing down into the milk 
particles from the ulceration on the teat. The organism con- 
tained in these particles would find in the milk a good medium 
in which to multiply. Such milk would then practically corre- 
spond to an artificial culture of the streptococcus, such as we 
have found capable of setting up a general disease, when inccu- 
lated subcutaneously into calves. It is true we have as yet no 
experience of the inoculation of a known milk sub-culture into 
the human subject, but in the case of calves we have learnt that 
the general disease resulting from inoculation of an Agar-Agar 
sub-culture had characters closely allied to, if not identical with, 
human scarlatina. Then, feeding of animals with the cultures 
has not yet been tried, so that at present we are without in- 
formation as to the characters of any disease that may be pro- 
duced in calves by that means; whether or not calves fed with 
milk sub-culture of our streptococci exhibit the same pathologi- 
cal states as we have found to be produced by inoculation of 
calves with an artificial culture—states that bear so marked a 
resemblance to those of scarlatina in the human subject. In 
order completely to understand these and other relations, more 
experiments are required, and these I hope soon to have an 
opportunity of making. 
Until I am ina position to state at greater length the peculi- 
arities of the infective phenomena of the disease under considera- 
tion, I refrain from further comment on its various interesting 
and promising aspects. 
THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION 
SECTION E 
GEOGRAPHY 
OPENING ADDRESS BY MAJOR-GENERAL SIR F. J. GOLDSMID, 
K.C.S.1., C.B., F.R.G.S., PRESIDENT OF THE SECTION 
HoweEVER diffident I may feel in undertaking the duties of 
President of the very important Section of Geography at this 
anniversary, I have no right to take shelter under that diffidence 
for any shortcoming in the fulfilment of my task. All I would 
seek at your hands is indulgence for one whose training and 
antecedents have scarcely fitted him for appearing before you in 
4 
ee 
a quasi-professorial capacity, and whose brief tenure of a Presi- — 
dential chair at a meeting such as this must be regarded as rather 
an incidental passage in the annals of the British Association 
than a fair illustration of its sodus operandi, or principle of 
selection in respect to its officers. 
As to the subject of my opening address, I know none more 
befitting the occasion than the means of popularising the branch 
* Referring to the commencement made in 1882 of investigation of the 
results producible in the cow by inoculation with the materal of human 
scarlatina, see p. 67 of report of that year, I would propose that this study 
be extended without loss of time. 
