May 8, 1902 } 
paved the way for the result foreshadowed in at least one 
branch of chemistry in Prof. Witt’s discourse. 
Let us take the Berlin Technical High School first. 
In this school there are six fully qualified professors 
for the following branches of chemistry :—(1) Organic 
chemistry ; (2) inorganic chemistry ; (3) chemical tech- 
nology ; (4) metallurgy ; (5) electrochemistry ; (6) photo- 
chemistry. 
In addition there are six lecturers for the following 
branches :—(1) Chemistry of foods, including analytical 
and bacteriological methods ; (2) agricultural-chemical 
technology (sugar, beer, spirits, &c.) ; (3) vegetable and 
animal fats, oils, &c., investigation of mineral oils and 
naphtha products; (4) designing of chemical works 
and plant; (5) architectural chemical technology ; (6) 
physical chemistry, thermochemistry, &c. 
Finally, twelve Arzvat docenten, or private lecturers, for 
the following branches :—(1) Electrolytic metallurgy ; (2) 
chemistry of foods ; (3) ceramics ; (4) chemistry of the 
growth of plants; (5) investigation of oils, fats and 
naphtha ; (6) technology of proteids and albuminoids ; 
(7) repetition of organic chemistry ; (8) chemistry of 
cements, mortar, plaster, &c.; (9) qualitative and quan- 
titative analysis ; (10) coal tar dyes ; (11) terpenes and 
camphors ; (12) modern synthetic drugs. 
The following table gives the number of professors and 
students for a series of years from 1885-99 :— 
1885. 1890. 1895- 1899- 
Professors 41S eS as 6 
Ceckurers: <<... 3) aiemeceeeeO). en CS) 
Private lecturers 5 Bipewlil 5. 12 
Assistants 7 eyeeloteergiar si. .sctel5 
EUGENES Se x<2y SOU, teneukli7 2 menenl7 . 278 
It will be seen that in 1899 there were no fewer than 41 
professors, lecturers, private lecturers and assistants to 
278 students, or about one instructor to sever instructed. 
The laboratories for organic chemistry, photo- 
chemistry, metallurgy and chemical technology are con- 
tained in a building erected in 1884. The increase in 
the number of students has now rendered the erection of 
new buildings necessary ; these will be begun this year, 
and will probably cost 27,500/. exclusive of the site, 
which is valued at 10,000/. For the same reason, a new 
building will shortly be erected for the electrochemical 
laboratory, which is at present located in the palatial 
building of the Technical High School. 
The department for instruction in chemistry at the 
Hanover Technical High School differs from that of the 
Berlin Technical High School, inasmuch as the chemical- 
technical and electro-technical branches are combined in 
one department. 
The principal chairs of chemistry are four in number :— 
(1) Inorganic chemistry ; (2) organic chemistry ; (3) chemi- 
cal technology ; (4) electrochemistry. 
The following table gives the total number of  pro- 
fessors, &c., and assistants and students for a series of 
years :— 
1885. 1890. 1895. 1899. 
Professors 4 Cte 5 6 
Lecturers 2 lig ees Hs Ree 2 
Private lecturers —— hs Abehee 4 
Assistants bee ARTES 9 Il 
Students on CARR Be na ,O0 192 285 
In 1899 the proportion of instructors to instructed was 
23 to 285, or about I to 12. 
The department of chemistry at the Berlin University 
forms one of the subdivisions of the faculty of philosophy, 
and the professors of chemistry are members of the 
philosophical faculty. 
The professorial staff includes :—(1) One professor of 
organic chemistry; (2) one professor of inorganic 
chemistry; (3) one professor of pharmaceutical chemistry; 
(4) one extraordinary professor of chemical technology; 
(5) one extraordinary professor from the Berlin Technical 
NO. 1697, VOL. 66] 
NATURE 
S83 
High School ; (6) one extraordinary professor from the 
Veterinary High School ; (7) one extraordinary professor 
from the Imperial Patent Office ; (8) one extraordinary pro- 
fessor from the Royal Department for Testing Explosives; 
(9) three extraordinary professors who also form the 
managing board of the two principal chemical institutes 
(see under) ; (10) twelve private lecturers ; (11) twenty 
assistants in the different laboratories for inorganic, 
organic, pharmaceutical and technological chemistry. 
The chemical department of the Berlin University 
possesses the following subdivisions for chemical in- 
struction:—(1) The First Institute of Chemistry, conducted 
by the professor with a managing board of two ex- 
traordinary professors and eleven assistants; (2) The 
Second Institute of Chemistry, with one managing ex- 
traordinary professor. and three assistants; (3) The 
Chemical-Technological Institute, with one extraordinary 
professor and two assistants ; (4) The Chemical-Pharma- 
ceutical Institute, with one extraordinary professor and 
four assistants. 
The report does not give the number of students of 
chemistry who have studied at Berlin during the past, as 
they are not inscribed specially as students of chemistry, 
but are entered as belonging to a subdivision of the 
philosophical faculty. It is not possible, therefore, to 
determine exactly what proportion of the total natural 
science students were actually students of chemistry, 
although there is reason to assume that the proportion 
is large :— 
Students in the Students in the 
Philosophical subdivision of 
Faculty. natural science. 
1885 1955 we 813 
1890 1761 515 
1895 1551 512 
1899 2162 784 
It is stated that the decrease in the number of students 
for the years 1890 and 1895 was partially caused by the 
lack of sufficient and suitable accommodation in the 
chemical laboratories and lecture-rooms, a defect now 
remedied by the erection of the splendidly equipped 
building in the Sophien-Strasse. 
The following table gives the annual expenditure for 
new apparatus, instruments, chemicals, repairs, &c., of 
the above-mentioned four chemical institutes at the 
Berlin University. The sums given do not include the 
salaries of teachers, assistants, or laboratory servants :— 
First Second Techno- Pharma- 
Chemical Chemical logical ceutical Total. 
Institute. Institute. Institute Institute. 
& & 
1885 ... 645 724 476 275... 2120 
1890 ... 719 564 398 275 .-. 1956 
1895 ... 794 564 398 275 --. 2031 
1899 ... 1052 614 398 27 Steen 2339 
IQOI ... 2792 614 398 275 .-. 4079 
From the above table it is seen that the annual expen- 
diture for the First Chemical Institute for instruments, 
apparatus, chemicals, &c., alone, z.e. apart from the 
salaries of the professors, lecturers, &c., has increased 
more than fourfold since 1885. 
The First Chemical Institute was erected between 
1860 and 1870 at the following cost :— 
Building site ... A13;500 
Ko expenses 27,505 
Internal equipment ... 33,985 
44,990 
During the last fifteen years, however, the great in- 
crease in the number of students of organic chemistry 
drawn to Berlin by the fame of Hofmann and Emil 
Fischer has rendered necessary the erection of a new 
building for the First Chemical Institute. This was built 
between 1897 and 1gor at a total expenditure of 70,000/., 
