382 
question as to the proportion of popularly elected managers 
which should act as bodies controlling the work of voluntary 
and denominational schools. The clause as amended provides 
that the management board of every public elementary school 
not provided by the local educational authority shall consist of 
four foundation or trust managers and two managers appointed 
by elected bodies. This principle has been accepted as part of 
the Bill. The discussion of the whole question of the machinery 
by which the managers of voluntary schools are to be elected 
has been postponed until the autumn session. 
THE Ministerial changes consequent upon the resignation of 
Lord Salisbury, and the appointment of Mr. Balfour as Premier, 
involve a reconstitution of the representatives of the Board of 
Education in Parliament. Sir John Gorst, who has been Vice- 
President of the Committee of Council for Education since 1895, 
has resigned, and his office becomes extinct. The Duke of 
Devonshire remains Lord President of the Council, but ceases to 
preside over the Education Department. The newly constituted 
Board of Education has for its President the Marquis of Lon- 
donderry, who was chairman of the London School Board 
some years ago, and as Parliamentary Secretary Sir William 
Anson, member for the University of Oxford and a leading 
authority upon educational matters. The Duke of Devonshire 
will therefore no longer be directly concerned with departmental 
work in education, though he will have charge of the Education 
Bill when it reaches the House of Lords. 
THERE is a feminine and a masculine type of mind. The 
former depends chiefly on memory and being reproductive ; the 
other relies upon reasoning and being creative. The mind of 
the man of science is masculine, that of the clergyman is 
feminine. Not every woman possesses a feminine mind, though 
many men have little else. The whole of our education from 
top to bottom is essentially feminine, chiefly because in its 
origin and continuance it is clerical. Such are but a few of the 
opinions expressed by Mr. James Swinburne in an article on 
‘© Feminine Mind Worship” in the current number of the Wes¢- 
minster Review. The whole article is a powerful appeal for a 
fuller recognition of the value in education of a rational training 
in the methods of science, so that boys may obtain at school 
such a practical acquaintance with experimental physics and 
chemistry as will lead them to develop their reasoning faculties 
and endow them with those powers of initiative which are 
essential, since the whole welfare and existence of a commercial 
country like ours depends on the application of science and the 
work of the despised masculine mind, Mr. Swinburne’s essay 
deserves to be widely read. 
SCIENTIFIC SERIALS. 
Bulletin of the American Mathematical Soctety (2) viii. No. 9, 
June.—T. J. PA. Bromwich, on the infinitesimal generators 
of parameter groups. The author gives a simplified method of 
calculating the generators of a group of known structure, and 
compares his results with those of Slocum (Az//et7n for January). 
—E. V. Huntington, a second definition of a group. The 
definition is reduced to four independent postulates, to which a 
fifth must be added if a distinction is to be made between finite 
and infinite groups.—G. A. Miller, determination of all the 
groups of order #”, # being any prime, which contain the Abelian 
group of order #”~! and of type (1, 1, ...).\—L. E. Dickson, 
a class of simply transitive linear groups —D. N. Lehmer, errors 
in Legendre’s tables of linear divisors.—Reviews of Gray’s 
** Treatise on Physics,” vol. i., Cellérier’s ‘*Cours de Meé- 
canique”’ (E. B. Wilson), and Kiepert’s ‘‘Grundriss der 
Differential- und Integral-Rechnung”’ (E. W. Davis). 
Annals of Mathematics (2) iii. No. 4, July.—H. S. White, 
note on atwisted curve connected with an involution of pairs of 
points in a plane.—R. E. Allardice, on some curves connected 
with a system of similar conics.—J. Westlund, note on multiply 
perfect numbers. —W. R. Ransom, a mechanical construction of 
confocal conics.—P. F. Smith, on Sophus Lie’s representation 
of imaginaries in plane geometry. This is an interesting com- 
mentary on Lie’s first paper, published in the Zyansactzons of 
the Academy of Christiania in 1869.—G. A. Miller, note on 
the group of isomorphisms of a group of order g”.—L. D. 
Ames, evaluation of slowly convergent series. 
NO. 1711, VOU. 66)] 
NATURE 
[AucusT 14, 1902 
SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES. 
LONDON. 
Royal Society, June 19.—‘*On the Measurement of Tem- 
perature.” Part 1,—On the Pressure Coefficients of Hydrogen 
and Helium at Constant Volume and at different Initial Pres- 
sures. Part ii.—On the Vapour Pressures of Liquid Oxygen at 
Temperatures below its Boiling Point on the Constant Volume 
Hydrogen and Helium Scales. Part ili—On the Vapour Pressures 
of Liquid Hydrogen at Temperatures below its Boiling Point on 
the Constant Volume Hydrogen and Helium Scales. By Morris 
W. Travers, D.Sc., Fellow of University College, London, 
George Senter, B.Sc., and Adrien Jaquerod, D.Sc. Commu- 
nicated by Prof. William Ramsay, F.R.S. : 
Part i.(M. W. T. and A. J.).—The pressure coefficients 
were determined by measuring the pressure which the gases 
exerted when the bulb of the constant-volume thermometer 
was surrounded with melting ice, or with steam at the 
boiling point. The apparatus employed cannot be described 
in this abstract; it was completely constructed of soda- 
glass, and as all 
flame, leakage of the gas was impossible. By enclosing the 
manometer column and dead space between parallel glass plates 
in a water jacket, it was possible to measure the temperature of 
these parts of the apparatus to 0°02 C. and thus eliminate errors 
which might seriously affect the results. 
The pressure coefficient at an initial pressure of 700 milli- 
metres in the case of either gas appears to have the value 
0700366255, which does not differappreciably from that obtained 
by Chappuis for hydrogen at an initial pressure of 1000 milli- 
metres of mercury. At a pressure of 520 millimetres no appre- 
ciable decrease in the value of the coefficient could be de- 
tected. As has hitherto been assumed, the pressure coefficient 
for hydrogen, and also for helium, appears to be independent of 
the pressure, so far as thermometric observations are concerned. 
Part ii. (M. W. T., G. S: and A. J.).—Previous investigators 
have measured the boiling point and vapour pressures of liquid 
oxygen by immersing the thermometer in a mass of the liquid 
and measuring the pressure under which it was evaporating. 
This method sis unsatisfactory on account of the difficulty of 
obtaining pure oxygen in sufficient quantity, and of the ten- 
dency of the liquid to become superheated. 
In the experiments described in this paper, a bulb in which a 
small quantity of pure oxygen could be liquefied was immersed, 
together with the bulb of the thermometer, in a vacuum vessel 
containing liquid air or oxygen, through which a rapid current 
of air was passed. The bulb containing the pure oxygen com- 
municated with the lower chamber of a barometer, so that 
measurements of the vapour pressures were quite independent of 
the atmospheric pressure. 
Four thermometers were employed in these experiments, the 
capacities of the bulbs being approximately 90 c.c., 12 C.c., 
26 c.c. and 27 c.c. The large thermometer was employed in 
one series of measurements only, as it was found to be difficult 
to maintain so large a bulb at a constant and definite tempera- 
ture without employing very large quantities of liquid air. The 
temperatures obtained by means of the three smaller thermo- 
meters rarely differed by more than 0°'03 from the temperature, 
corresponding to the same pressure, taken from the smoothed 
vapour-pressure curve. The pressure on the gas at the ice point 
was in every case about 1000 mm. of mercury. 
The thermometers were so constructed that the pressure on 
the gas could be measured independently of the atmospheric 
pressure. The temperature of the dead space was determined by 
means of a mercury thermometer, and the temperature of the 
vertical portion of the stem above the thermometer bulb was 
measured by means of an auxiliary gas thermometer, of similar 
construction, with a narrow cylindrical bulb of the same length 
asthe stem. The coefficient of expansion of the glass was 
found to be 070000284 between o° and 100° C., and 0’0000218 
between 0° and — 190° C, 
Vapour Pressures of Liquid Oxygen. 
Temperature oa Temperature on 
hydrogen scale. helium scale. 
Pressure in 
millimetres. 
800... =... ~—-«g0'60 
9070 
760 xc ss gorlo 90°20 
FOO): x0 SOS 89°43 
600 am sos STEROL 88-01 
500 “it .. 86°29 86°39 
goo. -» 84°39 84°49 
300 ee .. 82°09 82°19 
200 “ag SS 79'07 79 17 
junctions were sealed in the blowpipe, 
