2. 
44 
West of this central fountain were two others of very | 
different character, being more spasmodic in activity, 
but never long quiet. Occasionally they would unite their 
forces for half an hour ata time, forming a stationary 
line of 130 feet of spraying billow much like a surf- 
comber with flying spray. This stationary surf-wave 
was 15 feet high, incessantly flinging its spray 10 feet 
higher along its whole length. In the night, the effect of 
these fountains was extremely brilliant and was attended 
by loud metallic crashing. 
The other three fountains were smaller, near the 
borders of the lake, and often quiet for hours together. 
During the thirty months’ interval between my two 
visits, the gradual elevation of the fire-lake continued 
quite uniformly, as attested by occasional photographs. 
By its frequent overflows it had built itself up to a height 
of fully 50 feet above the previous main floor of Kilauea, 
so that it formed an extremely low truncated cone, sur- 
mounted by the level lake, to the edge of which visitors 
daily approached. 
About March, 1894, a recession began, which ended in 
Fic. 2.—Fire-lake as seen in 1892-3. 
more than 50 feet in 1894, but all the time keeping its position and limits. 
a final collapse of activity. The lake soon sank some 
hundreds of feet, carrying with it the sides of a circular 
pit, about 1400 feet in diameter, and central to the original 
2400-foot pit. When I sawit in the following September, 
the fire-lake was not less than 500 feet below the rim. 
During the evening, masses of rock frequently crashed in, 
driving heavy surges of fire far up the talus. There was 
a good deal of steam-cloud slowly rising, charged with 
sulphur. During my previous visit, all vapour had seemed 
to be absent, and I made the circuit of the pit without 
encountering sulphur. Subsequent photographs had also 
indicated the absence of vapour from the lake. 
I now have to add an important observation. To my 
great surprise, at this last visit, | perceived that the three 
fountains above described were in full activity and in the 
same relative position as before, although during the 
thirty months the level of the lake had risen 350 feet and 
had then fallen 500 feet. By what system of supply- 
ducts such fountains had been so long maintained was a 
mystery concealed in the fire-depths. But the fact of a 
marvellous steadiness and uniformity of action was 
obvious. For a long period a uniform and gentle out- 
pour of effervescence had been maintained. It had 
persisted for two years and a half, throughout all the 
immense changes. 
I submit as the unavoidable conclusion that the source 
NO. 1714, VOL. 66] 
NATURE 
[SEPTEMBER 4, 1902 
Lake gradually rose so as to overtop the rim of the pit, 
of supply for this five years’ outpour of gently effervescing 
lava was in an interior magma which itself contained the 
impelling force in its own originally occluded gases. For 
its activity this source was wholly independent of any 
encounter with water to generate steam. Expanding 
steam evidently had no part in that steady, quiet, per- 
sistent activity in the fire-lake of Kilauea. 
I would add that the exceptionally quiet and uniform 
activity of Kilauea seems to render it one of the most 
important of all volcanoes for study. I regret to say that 
since the collapse nearly eight years ago no lava has 
appeared in the crater, except a small quantity last June, 
which has again gone out of sight. 
Having seen no European notice of the fact, I would 
report that twelve days after the Martinique eruption very 
vivid afterglows appeared here, about as bright as those 
seen here after the first two weeks of the Krakatoa glows 
in September, 1883. They have not yet wholly disap- 
peared. The solar corona, or “Bishop’s Ring,” is still 
conspicuous. It is worth stating that the Krakatoa glows 
| reached Honolulu in ten days, coming twice the distance 
of the Martinique glows in twelve 
days: S. E. BISHOP. 
Honolulu, July 31. 
THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCA- 
TION UPON TRADE AND 
INDUSTRY. 
yee SHORT time ago the Technical 
Education Board of the London 
County Council appointed a sub- 
“ 
committee to report upon the “ap- 
plication of science to industry.” 
The witnesses called before the 
committee were leaders of science 
and employers in various branches 
of industry. Dealing first with the 
loss of industries to the country, 
during the last twenty or thirty 
years, the committee points out that 
all the witnesses were practically 
agreed in considering the loss sus- 
tained to be due to deficiencies of 
our educational system. It is not 
so much the training of the work- 
men which is at fault ; they even con- 
sider that the opportunities open to the London work- 
man for obtaining technical education are superior to 
those enjoyed by workmen abroad. It is the want of 
highly trained men of science who are able to undertake 
research work. Prof. Dewar says he knows of no 
firm in England where chemists are employed in 
research work, while in Germany a large firm will 
employ a number of men for research only, who will 
have no connection with the business or managerial part 
of the works. 
The causes which have operated to keep manufac- 
| turers from taking highly trained men into their works 
are twofold. In the first place, generally speaking, the 
men who have been employed as scientific experts have 
had a wholly inadequate training, but have often the 
idea, as Mr. Beilby says, that they have “nothing to 
learn and everything to teach.” In the second place, 
the manufacturer is often afraid that they may learn 
something. He may be willing to take all they can give 
him, but he will not let them learn the details of the 
process which he desires to have improved—details 
which are not to be found in text-books. There is 
also the lack of scientific training of the manufacturers 
themselves, and their consequent inability to recognise 
the importance of scientific assistance. 
With reference to our secondary education, Prof. G. 
