OcTOBER 2, 1902 | 
NATURE 
551 
Germany and the United States. But if, instead of using Mr. 
Levinstein’s figures, we take the annual exports per head of 
population, which is after all the truest test, we find that in 
the period 1870-74 they were 7/. 7s. 3d. per head, but in 
1895-99 they had fallen to 5/. 19s. 5d. In Germany during the 
same periods they were 2/. 16s. 7d. and 3/. 7s. 2d. respectively, 
while in the United States they rose from 2/. 9s. 11d. to 
2/. 18s. 4d. These figures show that although per head of 
population we export more than either of these nations, yet 
during the last forty years they have been increasing their 
exports per head, but those of the United Kingdom have been 
declining. The figures are much more striking if at the same 
time we examine the increase of population which has taken 
place in the three lands during the same period. From 1871 to: 
1901, the population of the United Kingdom increased by 
31°7 per cent., while that of Germany increased 37°3 per cent. 
and that of America 96'1 per cent.! 
I will now take another comparison—the five years’ averages 
of the annual exports at the beginning and end of the period 
1880-1900. Here it will be seen that the increase of exports of 
the United Kingdom only amounted to 6°4 per cent. (234 to 
249 millions), but that Germany showed an increase of 23°I per 
cent. (156 to 192 millions) and the United States 42°8 per cent. 
(166 to 237 millions). 
Again, we are unable to show such large increases in the 
quantity of pig iron produced as are Germanyand America. In 
the years 1870-74, the United Kingdom was far and away ahead 
of all other nations, producing 674 million tons against 1°8 
million tons by Germany and 2°2 million tons by America. But 
in 1896-1900, the amounts were for the United Kingdom 8:9, 
Germany 7°4, and America 11°5 million tons. 
Mr. Evershed objects to Mr. Levinstein taking a ‘fat year” 
as the starting point for his statistics, but, as I have already 
pointed out, the years 1899 and 1900, which come within 
Mr. Levinstein’s decade, were also exceptionally good years and 
thus help to bring up the average. But I think that although 
Mr. Evershed has taken exception to the use of the year 1890, 
he will agree with all scientific and broad-minded men in being 
glad that a man of Mr. Levinstein’s experience should have the 
courage to speak out and try to wake the nation up to a sense of 
its responsibilities. F, MOLLWO PERKIN. 
Bipedal Locomotion of Lizards. 
I Kepr for many years in a glass case some specimens of 
Lacerta viridis, and often observed them after a feed playing in 
the sunlight in a peculiar manner, first drinking water, which 
they lapped up with their wide forked tongues. The play was 
a sort of dance. The lizard stands on his hindlegs and, raising 
the fore part of his body, executes a rapid, playful waving of the 
forelegs. When both forelegs are used, they move in unison ; 
sometimes, however, only one is employed. This action seemed 
to be meant as an attraction, the motions being performed 
facing another lizard, who often responded with answering 
waves of the forelegs; at times during the pastime, the pair 
would lick each other. I observed the females indulged oftenest 
in this coquettish dance, though the males would go through 
the same performance, strange to say, as often with each other 
as with a female for a partner to set to. 
One female I kept for five years always, when excited, took 
a perpendicular position, progressing on her hindlegs with the 
fore part of the body lifted, and would play, running at my 
hand and biting, always in that erect pose. 
The blue lizards of Capri, which I have kept for years in 
confinement, move along upright under excitement, also using 
bipedal action. RosE Haic THOMAS. 
September 23. 
RUDOLPH LUDWIG RARL VIRCHOW. 
“© All that lives must die, 
Passing through nature to eternity.” 
apie great master and founder of modern pathology, 
Rudolph Virchow, has passed away, full of years 
and full of honours, mourned, not only by his fellow 
countrymen, but by the whole scientific world. A fall 
early in January last resulting in a fractured thigh was 
the ultimate cause of his death, which occurred on 
September 5. 
1 In Germany and America, the census returns are for 1900. 
No. 1718, VOL. 66] 
Born at Schilvelbein in Pomerania in 1821, Virchow 
attended the public school of his native town until his 
thirteenth year, when he entered the gymnasium of Céslin 
and early distinguished himself by his linguistic attain- 
ments. In 1839, he entered the Friedrich-Wilhelm 
Institut, a training college for army medical officers, 
having among his teachers Miller and Caspar and among 
his fellow students Helmholtz, and in 1843 proceeded to 
take his degree. He had already shown such promise 
that he was released from service with the army and was 
attached to the Charité Hospital as prosector of anatomy, 
acting as assistant to Froriep, whom he succeeded in 
1846. About this time he founded, in collaboration with 
Reinhardt, the famous Archiv, and after the death of 
the latter continued to edit it himself. In 1848, he carried 
out an investigation into an epidemic of relapsing fever 
in Silesia, and so uncompromising were his strictures 
on the authorities, together with his alliance to the 
ultra-Radical party, that he was compelled to resign his 
appointment at the Charité. Already, however, his 
reputation as a pathologist was made, and he was imme- 
diately offered and accepted the chair of pathology at 
Wiirzburg, where for the next seven years he devoted 
himself to pathological research. In 1856, on the death 
of Hemsbach, the Faculty of the University of Berlin 
petitioned for his recall, and, in spite of bitter opposition, 
was successful in its application, and Virchow returned 
to his old University for the remainder of his life, founding 
the Pathological Institute and the Museum of Morbid 
Anatomy. 
Virchow’s life was a strenuous one, and being blessed 
with a wonderful constitution he was able to devote himself 
to, and to become a master in, many pursuits, any one 
of which is usually sufficient to fill the life of ordinary 
mortals. In addition to his pathological chair, the duties 
of which he fulfilled up to the time of his accident, he 
was ethnologist and anthropologist, archzologist and 
Egyptologist, politician, a member of the Berlin Muni- 
cipal Council for forty years, a member of the Prussian 
Chamber from 1862 to 1878, where he was the recognised 
leader of the Radical party and for fifteen years chairman 
of the Finance Committee. In 1880, he was elected a 
member of the Imperial Reichstag, but took little active 
part in its debates. One of his most important public 
works was concerned with the introduction of a system 
of drainage and with the installation of sewage farms, 
whereby Berlin has become one of the healthiest cities 
of Europe. 
Of the man it may be said that he was beloved by 
his family and by his intimates. Short of stature and 
spare of figure, with grizzled hair and piercing grey eyes 
covered with spectacles, his was not a striking personality. 
Nor was he an orator, having a somewhat thin and weak 
voice and impassive delivery, but what he said was 
always to the point and clothed in simple but logical 
language, and he compelled a hearing by his very 
earnestness and simplicity. His political views and his 
uncompromising manner of stating them unquestionably 
prevented a full measure of State recognition of his 
genius. 
As a teacher he attracted students from all parts of 
the world. Until his time, autopsies had been _ per- 
formed in a very perfunctory manner, the supposed seat 
of disease alone being examined. Virchow, however, 
submitted all the organs and tissues to a careful scrutiny, 
thereby in course of time as data accumulated proving 
the interdependence of one condition upon another and 
showing how widespread might be the effects of a 
limited lesion. At his demonstrations, the specimens 
were subjected to a rapid description and criticism, 
rough sections were cut and placed under the microscope, 
which was mounted upon a trolley running on rails, and 
so could be submitted without disturbance to the scrutiny 
of each member of the class. Drawings of the specimens 
